Methods and compositions for treating ulcerative colitis

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating ulcerative colitis (UC) in a subject in need thereof. In particular, the compositions described here comprise or are designed based on fecal bacteria associated with FMT-based UC treatment success or failure. Also provided are methods for screening patients for their suitability for a fecal bacteria-based UC treatment. Further provided are methods for screening fecal donors for optimized source materials for producing a fecal bacteria-based pharmaceutical composition.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 62/697,796 and 62/697,810, both filed Jul. 13, 2018, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure includes and relates to methods and pharmaceutical compositions suitable for treating ulcerative colitis in a subject in need thereof.

BACKGROUND

Mammals harbor diverse microbial species in their gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Interactions between these microbes and between microbes and the host, e.g. the host immune system, shape a microbiota. A healthy microbiota provides the host with multiple benefits, including colonization resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogens, essential nutrient biosynthesis and absorption, and immune stimulation that maintains a healthy gut epithelium and an appropriately controlled systemic immunity. An unbalanced microbiota (also called ‘dysbiosis’ or disrupted symbiosis) may lose its function and results in increased susceptibility to pathogens, altered metabolic profiles, or induction of proinflammatory signals that can lead to local or systemic inflammation or autoimmunity. The intestinal microbiota play a role in the pathogenesis of many disorders such as pathogenic infections of the gut.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease of the large intestine, also known as the colon, in which the lining of the colon becomes inflamed and develops tiny open sores, or ulcers, that produce pus and mucous. Ulcerative colitis occurs most often in people ages 15 to 30, although the disease may afflict people of any age. It affects men and women equally and appears to run in some families.

Ulcerative colitis is a disease that is characterized by inflammation and micro-ulcers in the superficial layers of the large intestine. The inflammation usually occurs in the rectum and lower part of the colon, but it may affect the entire large intestine (pancolitis). Ulcerative colitis can very rarely affect the small intestine in its distal portion (Backwash Ileitis).

The inflammation is accompanied usually with diarrhea, which may be profuse and bloody. Micro-ulcers form in places where inflammation has destroyed the cells lining the bowel and these areas bleed and produce pus and mucus. Ulcerative colitis, especially when mild, can be difficult to diagnose because symptoms are similar to other intestinal disorders, most notably the other type of Irritable Bowel Diseases (IBD) called Crohn's disease and also irritable bowel syndrome. Crohn's disease differs from ulcerative colitis because it causes inflammation throughout the whole thickness of the intestinal wall and produces deep ulcers. Crohn's disease usually occurs in the small intestine, but it can also occur in the large intestine, anus, esophagus, stomach, appendix and mouth. Crohn's disease causes fistulae whereas ulcerative colitis does not. Both Crohn's and ulcerative colitis may co-exist in the same patient. The combination of inflammation and ulceration can cause abdominal discomfort and frequent emptying of the colon. Existing treatments for ulcerative colitis involve intense and lengthy combinational drug therapy with side effects or even require surgery to remove part of the colon. Moreover, a substantial proportion of ulcerative colitis patients are resistant to standard drug therapy. Thus, there is a need for more effective treatments for ulcerative colitis that are easier to administer.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides methods and compositions for treating or preventing ulcerative colitis.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more first microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, Eubacterium hallii, and any combination thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical composition contains no bacteria from one or more second microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a substantially entire fecal microbiota supplemented, enhanced, or spiked with viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, and Eubacterium hallii.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a substantially entire fecal microbiota supplemented, enhanced, or spiked with viable non-pathogenic bacteria from a microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, and Bacteroides finegoldii.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fecal microbiota preparation having a suppressed, decreased, reduced, minimized, or undetectable level of a microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides coprocola.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating ulcerative colitis (UC) in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a pharmaceutical composition described here.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here to the patient, wherein the patient is pretested for one or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here to the patient, wherein the patient is pretested for the relative abundance of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, Sutterella wadsworthensis, or any combination thereof.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here to the patient, wherein the patient comprises a relative abundance of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, or Sutterella wadsworthensis below a pre-determined highest limit.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here to the patient, wherein the patient comprises a relative abundance of one or more microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila, below a pre-determined highest limit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A randomised controlled study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01896635) shows that multi-donor FMT therapy for active UC is significantly superior to placebo with 27% of patients achieving the primary endpoint of clinical remission with endoscopic remission or response compared to 7.5% with placebo, and more than half of patients on active treatment gaining a clinical response. Here, Applicant provides bacterial taxonomic and functional changes associated with FMT in UC, particularly those predictive of therapeutic success or failure. Applicant further illustrates underlying microbial basis, predictors of therapeutic outcome and the active constituent(s) of FMT mediating benefit.

Before the present compositions and methods are described, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the particular processes, compositions, or methodologies described, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the particular versions or embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims. For example, features illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated into other embodiments, and features illustrated with respect to a particular embodiment may be deleted from that embodiment. Thus, the disclosure contemplates that in some embodiments of the disclosure, any feature or combination of features set forth herein can be excluded or omitted. In addition, numerous variations and additions to the various embodiments suggested herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the instant disclosure, which do not depart from the instant disclosure. In other instances, well-known structures, interfaces, and processes have not been shown in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the invention. It is intended that no part of this specification be construed to effect a disavowal of any part of the full scope of the invention. Hence, the following descriptions are intended to illustrate some particular aspects of the disclosure, and not to exhaustively specify all permutations, combinations and variations thereof.

Unless defined otherwise herein, terms are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art. The terminology used in the description of the disclosure herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure.

All publications, patent applications, patents and other references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, it is specifically intended that the various features of the disclosure described herein can be used in any combination. Moreover, the present disclosure also contemplates that in some embodiments of the disclosure, any feature or combination of features set forth herein can be excluded or omitted.

Methods disclosed herein can comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. The method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the present invention. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for proper operation of the embodiment, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the present invention.

As used in the description of the disclosure and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

As used herein, “and/or” refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, as well as the lack of combinations when interpreted in the alternative (“or”).

The terms “about” and “approximately” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as a percentages, density, volume and the like, is meant to encompass variations of 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, or even 0.1% of the specified amount.

As used herein, the term “substantially”, when used to modify a quality, generally allows certain degree of variation without that quality being lost. For example, in certain aspects such degree of variation can be less than 0.1%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, between 1-2%, between 2-3%, between 3-4%, between 4-5%, or greater than 5%.

As used herein, phrases such as “between X and Y” and “between about X and Y” should be interpreted to include X and Y. As used herein, phrases such as “between about X and Y” mean “between about X and about Y” and phrases such as “from about X to Y” mean “from about X to about Y.”

As used herein, a “taxon” refers to a particular taxonomic grouping, e.g., a particular species, genus, family, order, class, or phylum. The plural form of “taxon” is “taxa”.

As used herein, a “subtaxon” refers to a taxonomic grouping at a lower level relative to and encompassed by a reference taxon. For example, all the subspecies, species, and genera within a taxon of particular family would be considered as a subtaxon of that family. The plural form of “subtaxon” is “subtaxa”.

In an aspect, a marker for a pathway or a taxon (e.g., a metabolic pathway biomarker or a microbial biomarker) comprises a nucleic acid molecule, a peptide, a protein, a metabolite, a small molecule, a macromolecule, a secreted molecule, or a combination of any of the foregoing. In another aspect, a marker for a taxon comprises a 16S rDNA molecule or a 16S rRNA molecule. A marker can be identified or characterized using many methods such as those for characterizing nucleic acid and/or proteins. Nucleic acid analysis includes analysis of, for example, DNA, RNA, mRNA, rRNA, and/or tRNA, and can be accomplished using, for example, pyrosequencing, qPCR, RT-qPCR, clone libraries, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA), microarrays, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), dot-blot hybridization, next generation sequencing, and any other DNA hybridization methods that will detect a specific sequence. Protein analysis includes, for example, 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis, 2-Diminsional Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), MALDI TOF-MS, (2D-) LC-ESI-MS/MS, absolute quantification (AQUA), and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ).

In an aspect, a marker for a metabolic pathway comprises a RNA transcript molecule or a DNA molecule encoding an enzymatic polypeptide (or fragment thereof) from the metabolic pathway. In another aspect, a marker for a metabolic pathway comprises an enzymatic polypeptide (or fragment thereof) from the metabolic pathway. In an aspect, a marker for a metabolic pathway comprises an intermediary of the metabolic pathway. In an aspect, a marker for a metabolic pathway comprises the product of the metabolic pathway. For example, a marker for short chain fatty acid biosynthesis can include one or more short chain fatty acids.

As used herein, a “short chain fatty acid” or “SCFA” refers to fatty acids with an aliphatic tail of one to six carbon atoms. SCFAs can be produced by bacteria during bacterial metabolism, such as during fermentation of, for example, carbohydrates, proteins, peptides and glycoprotein precursors. Illustrative SCFAs include, but are not limited to, acetic acid (also known as acetate), butyric acid (also known as butyrate), caproic acid (also known as hexanoic acid), formic acid (also known as methanoic acid), heptanoic acid (also known as enanthic acid), isobutyric acid (also known as 2-methylpropanoic acid), isocaproic acid (also known as 4-methylpentanoic acid or 4-methylvaleric acid), isovaleric acid (also known as 3-methylbutanoic acid or β-methylbutyric acid), propionic acid (also known as propanoic acid), and valeric acid (also known as pentanoic acid).

As used herein, a “bile acid” refers to hydroxylated steroids synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, to break down fats. Examples of bile acids are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Bile acids are conjugated with glycine or taurine prior to secretion into the bile. There are at least five major bile acid forms. Bile acids can be modified by intestinal bacteria. For example, primary bile acids are converted to secondary bile acids by dehydroxylation. Examples of secondary bile acids include lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and ursodeoxycholic acid. Bile acids are reabsorbed by the entero-hepatic transport system and returned to the liver or excreted in feces. (Banerjee, A. Gastrointestinal toxicity biomarkers, Biomarkers in Toxicology, (2014)). Additional examples of bile acids are glycocholic acid, glycohenodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and taurochenodeoxycholic acid.

As used herein, “relative abundance” of a taxon within a community refers to the abundance of one taxon in comparison to other taxa present in that community, and reflects the evenness of distribution of individuals among a community. Example 1 provides an exemplary way of determining the relative abundance of a taxon of interest based on the number of 16S rDNA sequencing reads assigned to that taxon relative to the overall number of 16S rDNA sequencing reads from all microbes present in a community.

As used herein, “relative fecal abundance” refers to the relative abundance of a molecule or entity in a feces.

As used herein, “relative abundance ratio” refers to the ratio between the relative abundance of two or more taxa in comparison.

As used herein, the term “treating” refers to (i) completely or partially inhibiting a disease, disorder or condition, for example, arresting its development; (ii) completely or partially relieving a disease, disorder or condition, for example, causing regression of the disease, disorder and/or condition; or (iii) completely or partially preventing a disease, disorder or condition from occurring in a patient that may be predisposed to the disease, disorder and/or condition, but has not yet been diagnosed as having it. Similarly, “treatment” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures.

As used herein, a “therapeutically effective amount” or “pharmaceutically active dose” refers to an amount of a composition which is effective in treating the named disease, disorder or condition.

As used herein, “microbiota” refers to a community of microbes that viable in or on a patient's body, both sustainably and transiently, including eukaryotes, archaea, bacteria, and viruses (including bacterial viruses (i.e., phage)). A non-selected fecal microbiota refers to a community or mixture of fecal microbes derived from a donor's fecal sample without selection and substantially resembling microbial constituents and population structures found in such fecal sample.

As used herein, “remission rate,” “cure rate,” or “resolution rate” refers to the percentage of patients that are cured or obtain remission or complete resolution of a condition in response to a given treatment. As used herein, “clinical remission sustaining rate” refers to the percentage of patients remaining in clinical remission after a specified post-treatment period among all patients who achieve remission at the completion of a treatment. Quantitatively, remission, cure, or resolution is achieved when a patient's UCDAI score is below or equal to 2, assessed after 8 weeks of treatment. Remission, cure, or resolution can be further confirmed by endoscopic and mucosal healing.

As used herein, “primary outcome rate” refers to the percentage of patients achieving primary outcome after a specific treatment or treatment regimen among all patients receiving that treatment or treatment regimen.

As used herein, “response rate” refers to the percentage of patients that respond positively to a given treatment. Quantitatively, a patient responds to a treatment positively when the patient's UCDAI score decreases by at least 2 from baseline to week 8.

As used herein, “Mayo Clinic score” or “Mayo score” refers to an index system for assessing the severity of a ulcerative colitis disease condition. See Table 1 and Schoeder et al. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1625-9. The Mayo Clinic score ranges from 0-12, with sub-scores of 0-3, where the higher scores indicate more severe disease. In an aspect, sub-scores may be rated for stool frequency, rectal bleeding, mucosal appearance at endoscopy, and physician's global assessment (PGA).

TABLE 1 Mayo Clinic Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity (Schoeder et al. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1625-9) score assignment 1. Stool frequency* Normal number of stools for this patient 0 1-2 stools more than normal 1 3-4 stools more than normal 2 5 or more stools more than normal 3 2. Rectal Bleeding† No blood seen 0 Streaks of blood with stool less half the time 1 Obvious blood with stool most of the time 2 Blood alone passed 3 3. Findings of flexible proctosigmoidoscopy Normal or inactive disease 0 Mild disease (erythema, decreased vascular pattern, mild 1 friability) Moderate disease (marked erythema, absent vascular 2 pattern, friability, erosions) Severe disease (spontaneous bleeding, ulceration) 3 4. Physician's global assessment‡ Normal 0 Mild disease 1 Moderate disease 2 Severe disease 3 *Each patient served as his or her own control to establish the degree of abnormality of the stool frequency †The daily bleeding score represented the most severe bleeding of the day ‡The physician's global assessment acknowledged the three other criteria, the patient's daily record of abdominal discomfort and general sense of well-being, and other observations, such as physical findings and the patient's performance status

As used herein, “ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity” or “UCEIS” refers to an index for assessing endoscopic disease activity. The index assesses three criteria, including vascular pattern, bleeding, and erosions and ulcers (Table 2). See Travis et al., Developing an instrument to assess the endoscopic severity of ulcerative colitis: the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS), Gut 2012, 61(4): 535-42. A higher score reflects increased disease severity.

TABLE 2 Scoring System for Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (See Travis et al.) score assignment 1. Vascular pattern Normal: Normal vascular pattern with arborization of 1 capillaries clearly defined, or with blurring or patchy loss of capillary margins Patchy obliteration: Patchy obliteration of vascular pattern 2 Obliterated: Complete obliteration of vascular pattern 3 2. Rectal bleeding None: No visible blood 1 Mucosal: Some spots or streaks of coagulated blood on 2 the surface of the mucosa ahead of the scope, which can be washed away Luminal mild: Some free liquid blood in the lumen 3 Luminal moderate or severe: Frank blood in the lumen 4 ahead of endoscope or visible oozing from mucosa after washing intra-luminal blood, or visible oozing from a hemorrhagic mucosa 3. Erosions and ulcers None: Normal mucosa, nonvisible erosions or ulcers 1 Erosions: Tiny (≤5 mm) defects in the mucosa, of a 2 white or yellow color with a flat edge Superficial ulcer: Larger (>5 mm) defects in the mucosa, 3 which are discrete fibrin-covered ulcers when compared to erosions, but remain superficial Deep ulcer: Deeper excavated defects in the mucosa, with a 4 slightly raised edge

As used herein, “ulcerative colitis disease activity index” or “UCDAI” refers to an index system for assessing the symptomatic severity or response of a ulcerative colitis patient. The index assesses four variables, which include stool frequency, severity of bleeding, colonic mucosal appearance, and the physician's overall assessment of disease activity (Table 3). See Sutherland et al., 5-Aminosalicylic acid enema in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis, proctosigmoiditis, and proctitis. Gastroenterology. 1987; 92:1 894-8. Each variable is scored from 0-3 so that the total index score ranges from 0-12; 0-2: remission; 3-6: mild; 7-10: moderate; >10: severe ulcerative colitis.

TABLE 3 Scoring System for Ulcerative Colitis Disease Activity Index. (See Tursi et al.) score assignment 1. Stool frequency Normal 0 1-2 Stools/day>normal 1 3-4 Stools/day>normal 2 >4 Stools/day>normal 3 2. Rectal bleeding None 0 Streaks of blood 1 Obvious blood 2 Mostly blood 3 3. Mucosal appearance Normal 0 Mild friability 1 Moderate friability 2 Exudation, spontaneous bleeding 3 4. Physician's rating of disease activity Normal 0 Mild 1 Moderate 2 Severe 3

As used herein, “bacteria,” “bacterium,” and “archaea” refer to single-celled prokaryotes that lack membrane bound nuclei and lack organelles.

As used herein, “fecal bacteria” refers to bacteria that can be found in fecal matter.

As used herein, “viable” means possessing the ability to multiply.

As used herein, “isolated” or “purified” refers to a bacterium or other entity or substance that has been (1) separated from at least some of the components with which it was associated when initially produced (whether in nature or in an experimental setting), and/or (2) produced, prepared, purified, and/or manufactured by the hand of man. Isolated or purified bacteria can be separated from at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or more of the other components with which they were initially associated.

As used herein, the terms “pathogen” and “pathogenic” in reference to a bacterium or any other organism or entity includes any such organism or entity that is capable of causing or affecting a disease, disorder or condition of a host organism containing the organism or entity.

As used herein, “spore” or a population of “spores” includes bacteria (or other single-celled organisms) that are generally viable, more resistant to environmental influences such as heat and bacteriocidal agents than vegetative forms of the same bacteria, and typically capable of germination and out-growth. “Spore-formers” or bacteria “capable of forming spores” are those bacteria containing the genes and other necessary abilities to produce spores under suitable environmental conditions.

As used herein, a “combination” of two or more bacteria includes the physical co-existence of the two bacteria, either in the same material or product or in physically connected products, as well as the temporal co-administration or co-localization of the two bacteria.

As used herein, a “subject” refers to a human. A subject may be healthy, or may be suffering from an infection due to a gastrointestinal pathogen or may be at risk of developing or transmitting to others an infection due to a gastrointestinal pathogen.

As used herein, “operational taxonomic unit” or “OTU” refers to a group of closely related microbial species determined based on 16S or 18S rRNA marker genes. As illustrated in Example 1, in an aspect, an OTU can share 97% similarity in 16S rRNA sequences based on a opti-clust average neighbour algorithm.

As used herein, an “intermittent dosing schedule” means that a pharmaceutical composition is administered for a period of time followed by a period of time (a treatment period) where treatment with such pharmaceutical composition is withheld (a rest period). Intermittent dosing regimens can be expressed as treatment period in days or weeks/rest period in days or weeks. For example, a 4/1 intermittent dosing schedule refers to an intermittent dosing schedule where the treatment period is four weeks/days and the rest period is one week/day.

As used herein, a “continuous dosing schedule” refers to a dosing schedule where a pharmaceutical composition is administered during a treatment period without a rest period. Throughout the treatment period of a continuous dosing schedule, a pharmaceutical composition can be administered, for example, daily, or every other day, or every third day. On a day when a pharmaceutical composition is administered, it can be administered in a single dose, or in multiple doses throughout the day.

As used herein, “dosing frequency” refers to the frequency of administering doses of a pharmaceutical composition in a given time. Dosing frequency can be indicated as the number of doses per a given time, for example, once per day, once a week, or once in two weeks.

As used herein, “dosing interval” refers to the amount of time that elapses between multiple doses being administered to a patient.

Different types of ulcerative colitis exist. As used herein, “ulcerative proctitis” refers to a disease form where bowel inflammation is limited to the rectum. Because of its limited extent (usually less than the six inches of the rectum), ulcerative proctitis tends to be a milder form of ulcerative colitis. It is associated with fewer complications and offers a better outlook than more widespread disease. For approximately 30% of all patients with ulcerative colitis, the illness begins as ulcerative proctitis.

As used herein, “proctosigmoiditis” refers to a form of colitis affecting the rectum and the sigmoid colon, the lower segment of colon located right above the rectum. Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, cramps, and a constant feeling of the need to pass stool, known as tenesmus. Moderate pain on the lower left side of the abdomen may occur in active disease.

As used herein, “left-sided colitis” refers to continuous inflammation that begins at the rectum and extends as far as a bend in the colon near the spleen called the splenic flexure. Symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, severe pain on the left side of the abdomen, and bleeding.

As used herein, “pan-ulcerative (total) colitis” affects the entire colon.

Symptoms include diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, cramps, and extensive weight loss. Potentially serious complications include massive bleeding and acute dilation of the colon (toxic megacolon), which may lead to an opening in the bowel wall. Serious complications may require surgery.

Several theories have been proposed for the cause of ulcerative colitis. There is some evidence to suggest that the body's immune system reacts to an environmental, dietary or infectious agent in genetically susceptible individuals causing inflammation in the intestinal wall. The latest postulated causal agent is the to be an infection of the lining with a Fusobacterium varium identified by researchers from Japan. Ulcerative colitis is not caused by emotional distress or sensitivity to certain foods or food products but these factors may trigger symptoms in some people. Ulcerative colitis is most likely not an aberrant reaction but an infection.

The most common symptoms of ulcerative colitis are bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Patients also may experience fever, rectal bleeding, fatigue, anaemia, loss of appetite, weight loss and loss of body fluids and nutrients resulting in nutritional deficiencies. These symptoms occur as intermittent attacks in between periods when the symptoms go away (remissions). These disease-free periods can last for months or even years. Usually an attack begins with increased urgency to defecate, mild lower abdominal cramps, and blood and mucus in the stools.

Ulcerative colitis may cause long-term problems such as arthritis, inflammation of the eye, liver disease (fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis), osteoporosis, skin rashes, anaemia and kidney stones. These complications may occur when the immune system triggers inflammation in other parts of the body. These problems can disappear when the colitis is treated effectively.

Treatment for ulcerative colitis depends on the seriousness of the disease. Most people are treated with medication. Some people whose symptoms are triggered by certain foods are able to control the symptoms by avoiding foods that upset their intestines, like highly seasoned foods or dairy products. Each person may experience ulcerative colitis differently, so treatment is adjusted for each individual.

Many patients with mild or moderate disease are first treated with 5-ASA agents, including a combination of the drugs 5-aminosalicylic acids and sulfasalazine that helps control inflammation. Sulfasalazine is the most commonly used of these drugs. Sulfasalazine can be used for as long as needed and can be given along with other drugs. Patients who do not do well on sulfasalazine may respond to newer 5-ASA agents. Possible side effects of 5-ASA preparations include nausea, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea and headache.

People with severe disease and those who do not respond to 5-ASA preparations may be treated with added corticosteroids. Prednisone and budesonide and hydrocortisone are corticosteroids used to reduce inflammation. They can be given orally, intravenously, through an enema, or in a suppository, depending on the location of the inflammation. Corticosteroids can cause side effects such as weight gain, acne, facial hair, hypertension, diabetes, mood swings, and increased risk of infection, so doctors carefully monitor patients taking these medications.

Immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and methotrexate are often used and can make a marked improvement at a low dose with few side effects. Other drugs may be given to relax the patient or to relieve pain, diarrhea, or infection. Occasionally, symptoms are severe enough that the person must be hospitalized. For example, a person may have severe bleeding or severe diarrhea that causes dehydration. In such cases the doctor will try to stop diarrhea and loss of blood, fluids, and mineral salts. The patient may need a special diet, feeding through a vein, medications, or sometimes surgery.

In severe cases, a patient may need surgery to remove the diseased colon.

Sometimes the doctor will recommend removing the colon if medical treatment fails or if the side effects of corticosteroids or other drugs threaten the patient's health.

In an aspect, this application provides a microbial biomarker and its use for predicting the likelihood of a UC patient achieving a primary outcome using a fecal bacteria-based therapy. In an aspect, the disclosure provides a microbial taxon, or a subtaxon therein, in UC patients associated with UC treatment success, where the microbial taxon is selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii.

In another aspect, this application provides a microbial biomarker and its use for screening a UC patient for the patient's suitability for a fecal bacteria-based therapy. In an aspect, this application provide a microbial taxon, or a subtaxon therein, in UC patients associated with lack of UC treatment success, where the microbial taxon is selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila, or a subtaxon within the microbial taxon. In another aspect, this application provide a microbial taxon, or a subtaxon therein, in UC patients associated with lack of UC treatment success, where the microbial taxon is selected from the group Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and Sutterella wadsworthensis.

In an aspect, this application provides a metabolic pathway biomarker and its use for predicting the likelihood of a UC patient achieving a primary outcome using a fecal bacteria-based therapy. In another aspect, a metabolic pathway biomarker associated with UC treatment success is selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, and starch degradation.

In an aspect, this application provides a metabolic pathway biomarker for predicting the likelihood of a UC patient not achieving a primary outcome using a fecal bacteria-based therapy. In another aspect, a metabolic pathway biomarker associated with UC treatment failure is selected from the group consisting of heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways.

In another aspect, this application provides a biomarker and its use for predicting the effectiveness of a donor fecal material for treating UC. In an aspect, a microbial taxon in donor fecal material associated with effective UC treatment is selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, and Bacteroides finegoldii. In another aspect, a microbial taxon in donor fecal material associated with ineffective UC treatment is selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides coprocola, Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), and Sutterella wadsworthensis. In an aspect, a metabolic pathway in donor fecal material associated with effective UC treatment is selected from the group consisting of fatty acid biosynthesis, propanoate metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of ansamycins. In an aspect, a metabolic pathway in donor fecal material associated with ineffective UC treatment is selected from the group consisting of terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, bacterial chemotaxis, and heme biosynthesis.

In an aspect, a marker in a patient indicating positive primary outcome can also be a marker for selecting a successful source material from one or more donors. In an aspect, a successful source material is derived from one or more donors. In another aspect, a successful source material is synthetic.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a source material from a donor based on a biomarker. In an aspect the source material is derived from fecal microbiota from a donor. In another aspect, the source material is derived from the fecal microbiota of one or more donors. In yet another aspect, the source material is derived from the fecal microbiota of two or more, three or more, four or more, or five or more donors. In a further aspect, the source material is derived from the fecal microbiota of a donor related to or unrelated to the patient in need of the source material.

In an aspect a biomarker is one or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In another aspect, a biomarker is two or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In another aspect, a biomarker is three or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In a further aspect, a biomarker is four or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In another aspect, a biomarker is five or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In another aspect, a biomarker is six or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In another aspect, a biomarker is seven or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In another aspect, a biomarker is eight or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In another aspect, a biomarker is nine or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In another aspect, a biomarker is ten or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In another aspect, a biomarker is eleven or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway.

In an aspect, this application provides a microbial biomarker and its use for selecting a source material with predictive primary outcome of treatment success in a UC patient. In an aspect, the disclosure provides a microbial taxon, or a subtaxon therein, in a source material associated with UC treatment success, where the microbial taxon is selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii.

In an aspect, this application provides a microbial biomarker and its use for selecting a source material with predictive primary outcome of treatment success in a fecal-based therapy in a UC patient. In another aspect, the microbial biomarker is a marker from the Roseburia genus. In another aspect the microbial biomarker is a Roseburia spp. selected from the group consisting of R. inulinivorans, R. cecicola, R. faecis, R hominis, and R. intestinalis. In another aspect, a microbial biomarker is Roseburia faecis.

In another aspect, this application provides a microbial biomarker and its use for screening a source material for suitability for a fecal bacteria-based therapy. In an aspect, this application provides a microbial taxon, or a subtaxon therein, in a source material associated with lack of UC treatment success, where the microbial taxon is selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila, or a subtaxon within the microbial taxon. In another aspect, this application provide a microbial taxon, or a subtaxon therein, in a source material associated with lack of UC treatment success, where the microbial taxon is selected from the group Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and Sutterella wadsworthensis.

In another aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a source material for suitability in a fecal bacteria-based therapy based on the small chain fatty acid content of the material.

In an aspect, a method for selecting a source material for suitability in a fecal bacteria-based therapy comprises selecting based on pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate. In another aspect, selection is based on specific bacterial functional pathways associated with primary outcome of patients treated with a fecal bacteria-based therapy. In another aspect, Benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, guanosine penta/tetraphosphate biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate (short-chain fatty acid biosynthesis), biosynthesis of ansamycins, and starch degradation are associated with positive primary outcome.

In an aspect, a method for selecting a source material for suitability in a fecal bacteria-based therapy comprises selecting based taxa contributing to positive outcomes of patients treated with fecal bacteria-based therapy. In an aspect, source material for fecal bacteria-based therapy is selected from Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, Dorea, and Coprococcus species. In another aspect, source material for fecal bacteria-based therapy is selected based on two or more of Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, Dorea, and Coprococcus species. In another aspect, source material for fecal bacteria-based therapy is selected based on three or more of Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, Dorea, and Coprococcus species. In another aspect, source material for fecal bacteria-based therapy is selected based on three or more of Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, Dorea, and Coprococcus species. In yet another aspect, source material for fecal bacteria-based therapy is selected based on Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, Dorea, or Coprococcus species being present in a source material at a level higher than a predetermined level.

In an aspect, source material for fecal bacteria-based therapy is selected based on levels of taxa selected from the group consisting of Eubacterium hallii, Roseburia inulivorans, Ruminococcus bromii. In another aspect, source material is selected based on the levels of one or more Eubacterium hallii, Roseburia inulivorans, and Ruminococcus bromii, being above a pre-determined level. In another aspect, source material is selected based on the levels of two or more of Eubacterium hallii, Roseburia inulivorans, and Ruminococcus bromii, being above a pre-determined level. In another aspect, source material is selected based on the levels of Eubacterium hallii, Roseburia inulivorans, and Ruminococcus bromii, being above a pre-determined level.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a source material for suitability in a fecal bacteria-based therapy based on the level of Bacteroides in the source material. In an aspect, the level of Bacteroides in a source material selected for use in a fecal bacteria-based therapy is higher than a predetermined level.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a source material for suitability in a fecal bacteria-based therapy based on the level of Streptococcus species in the source material. In an aspect, the level of Streptococcus species in a source material selected for use in a fecal bacteria-based therapy is lower than a predetermined level.

In an aspect, this application provides a metabolic pathway biomarker and its use for predicting the likelihood of a source material achieving a primary outcome in a patient in need thereof. In another aspect, a metabolic pathway biomarker associated with predictive source material success is selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, and starch degradation.

In an aspect, this application provides a metabolic pathway biomarker for predicting treatment failure of a source material when used in a fecal bacteria-based therapy. In another aspect, a metabolic pathway biomarker associated with UC treatment failure is selected from the group consisting of heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. In an aspect, this application provides for selection of a source material for use in a fecal bacteria-based therapy comprising selecting the source material with reduced metabolic pathway biomarkers for predicting treatment failure in patients.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a source material for a fecal bacteria-based therapy based on a reduced presence of biomarkers shown to indicate a lack of remission (or negative primary outcomes) in UC patients. In an aspect, microbial taxa associated with lack of remission are selected from Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium XIVa, Prevotalla, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila. In another aspect, Fusobacterium gonidiaformans and Prevotella OTU2 are associated with lack of remission. In yet another aspect, Bacteroides uniformis and Bacteroides coprocola are associated with lack of remission. In a further aspect, Streptococcus species (OTU56) is associated with lack of remission is a treated UC patient. In another aspect, heme biosynthesis is a marker for negative primary patent outcome.

In an aspect, this disclosure provides a method for treating UC by decreasing the relative abundance of Bacteroides clarus and/or Akkermansia muciniphila. In an aspect, this disclosure provides a method for treating UC by increasing the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium rectale, and/or Eubacterium siraeum. In a further aspect, this disclosure provides a method for treating UC by administering to a patient a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more viable bacteria selected from the group consisting of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium rectale, and Eubacterium siraeum.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more first microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, Eubacterium hallii, and any combination thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical composition contains no bacteria from one or more second microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila.

In another aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more first microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii, wherein the pharmaceutical composition contains no bacteria from a second microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and Sutterella wadsworthensis.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a substantially entire fecal microbiota supplemented, enhanced, or spiked with viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fecal microbe preparation having a relative abundance ratio of 2 or more between a first microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii, and a second microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila. In an aspect, a second microbial taxon is selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and Sutterella wadsworthensis. In another aspect, the relative abundance ratio between the first and second microbial taxa is selected from the group consisting of 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 10 or more, 20 or more, 30 or more, 50 or more, 100 or more, and 200 or more.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a substantially entire fecal microbiota supplemented, enhanced, or spiked with viable non-pathogenic bacteria from a microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, and Bacteroides finegoldii.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic bacteria from a first microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, and Bacteroides finegoldii. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition contains no bacteria from a second microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and Sutterella wadsworthensis. In a further aspect, a pharmaceutical composition contains no bacteria from a second microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides coprocola.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic bacteria from the Roseburia spp. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises viable non-pathogenic bacteria selected from the group consisting of R. inulinivorans, R. cecicola, R. faecis, R. hominis, and R. intestinalis. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises viable non-pathogenic Roseburia faecis.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more first microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinovorans, Eubacterium hallii, and any combination thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical composition contains no bacteria from one or more second microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more first microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia faecis, Eubacterium hallii, and any combination thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical composition contains no bacteria from one or more second microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a substantially entire fecal microbiota supplemented, enhanced, or spiked with viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a substantially entire fecal microbiota supplemented, enhanced, or spiked with viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia faecis, and Eubacterium hallii.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises viable non-pathogenic bacteria or a fecal microbe preparation from a synthetic culture.

In an aspect, this application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fecal microbiota preparation having a suppressed, decreased, reduced, minimized, or undetectable level of a microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides coprocola. In an aspect, a microbial taxon is suppressed or decreased relative to the level of that taxon in a control fecal microbiota preparation. In an aspect, a microbial taxon is suppressed or decreased relative to the level of that taxon in a healthy adult donor fecal material. In an aspect, a microbial taxon is suppressed or decreased in a treated fecal donor-derived microbe preparation relative to the untreated source fecal material from the fecal donor. In another aspect, an antibiotic specific to a taxon or a heat, ethanol, or chloroform-based treatment is used to suppress or decrease that taxon. In an aspect, a fecal donor is screened for a reduced, minimized, or undetectable level of a microbial taxon mentioned in this paragraph. In another aspect, a synthetic fecal composition is provided with a lower level of a microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides coprocola, relative to a fecal microbiota prepared from a healthy adult donor fecal material.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating ulcerative colitis (UC) in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a pharmaceutical composition described here.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for modulating a metabolic marker from a pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, and starch degradation, in a UC patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a pharmaceutical composition described here.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a modulator of a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, and any combination thereof. In an aspect, a modulator comprises a pharmaceutical composition described here. In another aspect, a method comprises upregulating or promoting the metabolic pathway in a patient's fecal microbiome.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here to the patient, wherein the patient is pretested for one or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here to the patient, wherein the patient is pretested for the relative abundance of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, or Sutterella wadsworthensis.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here to the patient, wherein the patient comprises a relative abundance of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, or Sutterella wadsworthensis below a pre-determined highest limit.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here to the patient, wherein the patient comprises a relative abundance of one or more microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila, below a pre-determined highest limit.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here to the patient, wherein the patient comprises one or more markers, above a pre-determined lowest level, from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, and starch degradation.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here to the patient, wherein the patient comprises one or more markers, below a pre-determined highest level, from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for modulating a marker from a pathway selected from the group consisting of heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway, in a UC patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here.

In an aspect of this disclosure, one or more markers are metabolic markers. In another aspect, one or more markers comprise one or more metabolic pathway genes.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a modulator of a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation pathway, and any combination thereof.

In an aspect, a modulator comprises a pharmaceutical composition disclosed here. In another aspect, a method comprises downregulating or suppressing the metabolic pathway in the patient's fecal microbiome.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for producing a pharmaceutical composition, the method comprising: a) determining in a candidate fecal microbe source material the relative abundance of one or more bacterial markers selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides finegoldii, Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides coprocola; b) selecting the candidate fecal microbe source material if the relative abundance of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, or Bacteroides finegoldii is above a pre-determined lowest limit, and/or if the relative abundance of Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, or Bacteroides coprocola is below a pre-determined highest limit; and c) producing a pharmaceutical composition from the selected fecal microbe source material. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is produced for treating UC.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a fecal donor, the method comprising: a) determining in a candidate fecal donor the relative fecal abundance of one or more bacterial markers selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides finegoldii, Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides coprocola; and b) selecting the candidate fecal donor for future fecal donation, if the relative fecal abundance of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, or Bacteroides finegoldii is above a pre-determined lowest limit, and/or if the relative fecal abundance of Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, or Bacteroides coprocola is below a pre-determined highest limit. In another aspect, a donor is selected for producing a pharmaceutical composition for treating UC.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a fecal microbe source material, the method comprising: a) determining in a candidate fecal microbe source material the relative abundance of one or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of fatty acid biosynthesis, propanoate metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of ansamycins; and b) selecting the candidate fecal microbe source material if the relative abundance of the one or more markers is above a pre-determined lowest limit.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a fecal microbe source material, the method comprising a.) determining in a candidate fecal microbe source material the relative abundance of one or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of fatty acid biosynthesis, propanoate metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, biosynthesis of ansamycins, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, bacterial chemotaxis, heme biosynthesis, and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) biosynthesis; and b.) selecting a candidate fecal microbe source material based on the relative abundance of one or more markers.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a fecal microbe source material, the method comprising: a) determining in a candidate fecal microbe source material the relative abundance of one or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, bacterial chemotaxis, and heme biosynthesis; and b) selecting the candidate fecal microbe source material if the relative abundance of the one or more markers is below a pre-determined highest limit.

In another aspect, a fecal microbe source material is selected for producing a pharmaceutical composition for treating UC. In another aspect, one or more markers are metabolic markers. In another aspect, one or more markers comprise one or more metabolic pathway genes.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, the method comprising: a) determining in a UC patient one or more markers for the relative fecal abundance of a taxon selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, Eubacterium hallii, Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila; and b) selecting the UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, if the relative fecal abundance of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, or Eubacterium hallii is above a pre-determined lowest limit, and/or if the relative fecal abundance of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, or Bilophila is below a pre-determined highest limit.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, the method comprising: a) determining in a UC patient one or more markers for the relative fecal abundance of a taxon selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and Sutterella wadsworthensis; and b) selecting the UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, if the relative fecal abundance of the taxon is below a pre-determined highest limit.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, the method comprising: a) determining in a UC patient the relative fecal abundance of one or more markers for a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, and starch degradation; and b) selecting the UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, if the relative fecal abundance is above a pre-determined lowest limit.

In an aspect, this application provides a method for selecting a UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, the method comprising: a) determining in a UC patient the relative fecal abundance of one or more markers for a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway; and b) selecting the UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, if the relative fecal abundance is below a pre-determined highest limit.

In another aspect, a method for selecting a UC patient further comprises subjecting a selected UC patient to a fecal microbe-based therapy.

In an aspect, a UC patient of the present disclosure exhibits a Mayo score of at least 4 prior to treatment, such as a Mayo score of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. In an aspect, a UC patient of the present disclosure exhibits a Mayo score of 4 to 10 prior to treatment, such as 4 to 9, 5 to 10, 5 to 8, or 6 to 8.

In an aspect, a UC patient of the present disclosure exhibits an UCEIS score of at least 4 prior to treatment, such as an UCEIS score of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. In an aspect, a UC patient of the present disclosure exhibits a UCEIS score of 4 to 10 prior to treatment, such as 4 to 9, 5 to 10, 5 to 8, or 6 to 8.

In an aspect, a UC patient of the present disclosure is capable of achieving a primary outcome at the end of a treatment regimen, where the primary outcome is defined as a steroid-free clinical remission and endoscopic remission or response at the end of the treatment regimen, where the steroid free clinical remission is defined as a total Mayo score of 2 or lower with sub-scores of 1 or lower, and where the endoscopic remission or response is defined as a reduction of at least 1 point from baseline in endoscopy score. In another aspect, a UC patient of the present disclosure is capable of achieving a primary outcome at the end of a treatment regimen, where the primary outcome is defined as a steroid-free clinical remission which is defined as a total Mayo score of 2 or lower with sub-scores of 1 or lower. In a further aspect, a UC patient of the present disclosure is capable of achieving a primary outcome at the end of a treatment regimen, where the primary outcome is defined as a steroid-free endoscopic remission or response which is defined as a reduction of at least 1 point from baseline in endoscopy score.

In an aspect, a patient of the present disclosure has no steroid use within at least one week prior to commencing the methods provided herein. In another aspect, a patient of the present disclosure has no steroid use within at least two, three, four, or five weeks prior to commencing the methods provided herein. In a further aspect, a patient of the present disclosure has no steroid use within at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days prior to commencing the methods provided herein. In an aspect, a steroid may be prednisone, budesonide, or hydrocortisone. In an aspect, a patient of the present disclosure has no corticosteroid use within at least one week prior to commencing the methods provided herein. In an aspect, a patient of the present disclosure has no corticosteroid use prior to commencing the methods provided herein.

In an aspect, a method of the present disclosure further comprise determining the patient's baseline gut bacterial diversity. In an aspect, a patient's baseline gut bacterial diversity is assessed by analyzing Shannon's diversity of the patient's fecal sample prior to the treating step. In an aspect, a patient's baseline fecal Shannon diversity is between 0.5 and 2.2 based on bacterial species level, such as between 0.5 and 2.0, between 1.0 and 2.2, or between 1.0 and 1.5. In an aspect, a patient's fecal Shannon diversity increases by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%, or 99.9% compared to before treatment. In an aspect, a patient's fecal Shannon diversity increases by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 20, or 30 folds compared to before treatment. In an aspect, a patient's post-treatment fecal Shannon diversity is between 1.5 and 6.0 based on bacterial species level, such as between 1.5 and 5.0, between 1.5 and 4.5, between 1.5 and 4.0, between 1.5 and 3.5, between 1.5 and 3.0, between 1.5 and 2.5, between 1.5 and 2.0, between 2.0 and 4.5, between 2.5 and 4.0, between 3.0 and 3.5, between 2.0 and 6.0, between 2.5 and 6.0, between 3.0 and 6.0, between 3.5 and 6.0, between 4.0 and 6.0, between 4.5 and 6.0, between 5.0 and 6.0, and between 5.5 and 6.0.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a UC treatment that is capable of achieving a primary outcome rate of at least two fold higher relative to a primary outcome rate from placebo, where the primary outcome is defined as a steroid-free clinical remission and endoscopic remission or response at the end of the UC treatment, where the clinical remission is defined as a total Mayo score of 2 or lower with all sub-scores of 1 or lower, and where the endoscopic remission or response is defined as a reduction of at least 1 point from baseline in Mayo endoscopy score. In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a UC treatment that is capable of achieving a primary outcome rate higher than a primary outcome rate from placebo, where the primary outcome is defined as a steroid-free clinical remission and endoscopic remission or response at the end of the UC treatment, where the clinical remission is defined as a total Mayo score of 2 or lower with all sub-scores of 1 or lower, and where the endoscopic remission or response is defined as a reduction of at least 1 point from baseline in Mayo endoscopy score.

In an aspect, a UC treatment in accordance with the present disclosure is capable of achieving a primary outcome rate of at least 25%, such as at least 20%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or at least 99.9%. In an aspect, a UC treatment is capable of achieving a primary outcome rate of between 20% to 40%, such as between 20% and 35%, between 25% and 40%, between 25% and 35%, between 25% and 30%, or between 30% and 35%.

In an aspect, a UC treatment in accordance with the present disclosure is capable of achieving a clinical remission sustaining rate of at least 40% at 8 weeks after the completion of the UC treatment. In an aspect, a UC treatment is capable of achieving a clinical remission sustaining rate of at least 45%, such as at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or at least 99.9% at 8 weeks after the completion of the UC treatment. In an aspect, a UC treatment is capable of achieving a clinical remission sustaining rate of between 35% and 60%, such as between 35% and 55%, between 40% and 60%, between 40% and 55%, between 40% and 50%, between 45% and 55%, or between 45% and 50% at 8 weeks after the completion of the UC treatment.

In an aspect, a UC treatment in accordance with the present disclosure is capable of achieving a steroid-free clinical remission rate of at least two fold higher relative to a steroid-free clinical remission rate from placebo, where the clinical remission is defined as a combined Mayo score of 1 or lower for rectal bleeding and stool frequency. In an aspect, a UC treatment in accordance with the present disclosure is capable of achieving a steroid-free clinical remission rate higher than a steroid-free clinical remission rate from placebo, where the clinical remission is defined as a combined Mayo score of 1 or lower for rectal bleeding and stool frequency. In an aspect, a UC treatment is capable of achieving a steroid-free clinical remission rate of at least 40%, such as at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or at least 99.9%. In an aspect, a UC treatment is capable of achieving a steroid-free clinical remission rate of between 35% and 55%, such as between 40% and 55%, between 35% and 50%, between 40% and 50%, between 40% and 45%, or between 45% and 50%.

In an aspect, a UC treatment in accordance with the present disclosure is capable of achieving a steroid-free clinical response rate of at least two fold higher relative to a steroid-free clinical response rate from placebo, where the clinical response is defined as a total Mayo score decrease of 3 or higher or a 50% higher reduction from baseline in combined score for rectal bleeding and stool frequency. In an aspect, a UC treatment in accordance with the present disclosure is capable of achieving a steroid-free clinical response rate higher than a steroid-free clinical response rate from placebo, where the clinical response is defined as a total Mayo score decrease of 3 or higher or a 50% higher reduction from baseline in combined score for rectal bleeding and stool frequency. In an aspect, a UC treatment is capable of achieving a steroid-free clinical response rate of at least 50%, such as at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or at least 99.9%. In an aspect, a UC treatment in accordance with the present disclosure is capable of achieving a steroid-free clinical response rate between 45% and 65%, such as between 45% and 60%, between 50% and 65%, between 50% and 60%, between 50% and 55%, or between 55% and 60%.

In an aspect, a UC treatment in accordance with the present disclosure is capable of achieving an endoscopic response rate of at least two fold higher relative to an endoscopic response rate from placebo, where the endoscopic response is defined as a total UCEIS score decrease of 3 or higher or a 50% or higher reduction from baseline. In an aspect, a UC treatment in accordance with the present disclosure is capable of achieving an endoscopic response rate higher than an endoscopic response rate from placebo, where the endoscopic response is defined as a total UCEIS score decrease of 3 or higher or a 50% or higher reduction from baseline. In an aspect, a UC treatment is capable of achieving an endoscopic rate of at least 30%, such as at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or at least 99.9%. In an aspect, a UC treatment is capable of achieving an endoscopic response rate between 30% and 45%, such as between 30% and 40%, between 35% and 45%, or between 35% and 40%.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating ulcerative colitis in a patient in need thereof, where the method comprises administering to a UC patient a pharmaceutically active dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic fecal bacteria described here. In another aspect, this disclosure provides use of a composition comprising viable non-pathogenic fecal bacteria in the manufacture of a medication for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

In an aspect, a method of the present disclosure treats a form of ulcerative colitis selected from the group consisting of ulcerative proctitis, proctosigmoiditis, left-sided colitis, and pan-ulcerative colitis. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present disclosure comprises a fecal microbiota preparation. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises an isolated or purified population of viable non-pathogenic fecal bacteria. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a non-selective fecal microbiota. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a non-selected and substantially complete fecal microbiota. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a substantially complete fecal microbiota. In an aspect, a method further comprises administering a 5-aminosalicylic acid agent, a corticosteroid, an immunosuppressant, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, a method further comprises administering 5-aminosalicylic acid or a derivative thereof, sulfasalazine or a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for selecting a treatment plan for treating ulcerative colitis in a patient in need thereof, where the method comprises determining the level of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and/or Sutterella wadsworthensis in the patient's gut; and recommending a fecal bacteria-based therapy when the level of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and/or Sutterella wadsworthensis is above a predetermined level. In an aspect, the level of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and/or Sutterella wadsworthensis is about 8% above a predetermined level, such as about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 150%, or about 200% above a predetermined level. In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for selecting a treatment plan for treating ulcerative colitis in a patient in need thereof, where the method comprises determining the level of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and/or Sutterella wadsworthensis in the patient's gut; and recommending a fecal bacteria-based therapy when the level of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and/or Sutterella wadsworthensis is between a predetermined range. In an aspect, the predetermined range is about 8% to about 50% above a predetermined level, such as about 8% to about 40%, about 10% to 50%, about 15% to about 40%, about 20% to about 35%, or about 25% to about 30% above a predetermined level. In an aspect, the predetermined range is about 50% to about 200% above a predetermined level, such as about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 100%, about 100% to 150%, about 80% to about 120%, about 90% to about 110%, or about 98% to about 100% above a predetermined level. In an aspect, the level of one or more bacteria is determined via analyzing a patient's feces.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for selecting a treatment plan for treating ulcerative colitis in a patient in need thereof, where the method comprises determining the level of one or more bacteria selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii in the patient's gut; and recommending a fecal bacteria-based therapy when the level of the one or more selected bacteria is above a predetermined level. In an aspect, the level of the one or more selected bacteria is about 8% above a predetermined level, such as about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 150%, or about 200% above a predetermined level. In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for selecting a treatment plan for treating ulcerative colitis in a patient in need thereof, where the method comprises determining the level of one or more bacteria selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii in the patient's gut; and recommending a fecal bacteria-based therapy when the level of the one or more selected bacteria is between a predetermined range. In an aspect, the predetermined range is about 8% to about 50% above a predetermined level, such as about 8% to about 40%, about 10% to 50%, about 15% to about 40%, about 20% to about 35%, or about 25% to about 30% above a predetermined level. In an aspect, the predetermined range is about 50% to about 200% above a predetermined level, such as about 50% to about 150%, about 50% to about 100%, about 100% to 150%, about 80% to about 120%, about 90% to about 110%, or about 98% to about 100% above a predetermined level. In an aspect, the level of one or more bacteria is determined via analyzing a patient's feces.

In an aspect, a predetermined level, a predetermined highest limit, or a predetermined lowest limit is established by the corresponding level of the one or more selected bacteria in healthy subjects. In an aspect, a predetermined level, a predetermined highest limit, or a predetermined lowest limit is established by the corresponding level of the one or more selected bacteria in healthy subjects in the same demographic category as the subject. In an aspect, a predetermined level, a predetermined highest limit, or a predetermined lowest limit is established by the abundance of the total Clostridium or Bacteriodetes population in the same subject.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method which eliminates or reduces one or more ulcerative colitis symptoms selected from the group consisting of diarrhea, cramp, tenesmus, weight loss, bleeding, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, anaemia, inflammation, and micro-ulcers.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating ulcerative colitis in a patient in need thereof, where the method comprises administering to a UC patient a pharmaceutically active dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic bacteria described here. In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating ulcerative colitis in a patient in need thereof, where the method comprises administering daily to a UC patient a pharmaceutically active dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic fecal bacteria. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered to an ulcerative colitis patient in need thereof at least once daily for at least two consecutive days. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least once daily for at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 consecutive days. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least once daily for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 consecutive weeks. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least once daily for at most 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 consecutive days or weeks. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least once daily for at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 consecutive weeks or months. In a further aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least once for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 consecutive months or years, chronically for a patient's entire life span, or an indefinite period of time.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered to an ulcerative colitis patient in need thereof at least twice daily for at least two consecutive days. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least twice daily for at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 consecutive days. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least twice daily for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 consecutive weeks. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least twice daily for at most 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 consecutive days or week. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least twice daily for at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 consecutive weeks or months. In a further aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least twice for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 consecutive months or years, chronically for a patient's entire life span, or an indefinite period of time.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered to an ulcerative colitis patient in need thereof at least three times daily for at least two consecutive days. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least three times daily for at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 consecutive days. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least three times daily for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 consecutive weeks. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least three times daily for at most 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 consecutive days or weeks. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least three times daily for at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 consecutive weeks or months. In a further aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is administered at least three times for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 consecutive months or years, chronically for a patient's entire life span, or an indefinite period of time.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating ulcerative colitis in a patient in need thereof, where the method comprises administering orally to a UC patient a pharmaceutically active dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising viable, non-pathogenic, synthetic bacterial mixture or viable, non-pathogenic, purified or extracted, fecal microbiota, where the dose is administered at a dosing schedule of at least once or twice daily for at least three consecutive days or weeks. In another aspect, a dose is administered at least once, twice, or three times daily for a period between 1 and 12 weeks, between 2 and 12 weeks, between 3 and 12 weeks, between 4 and 12 weeks, between 5 and 12 weeks, between 6 and 12 weeks, between 7 and 12 weeks, between 8 and 12 weeks, between 9 and 12 weeks, between 10 and 12 weeks, between 1 and 2 weeks, between 2 and 3 weeks, between 3 and 4 weeks, between 4 and 5 weeks, between 5 and 6 weeks, between 6 and 7 weeks, between 7 and 8 weeks, between 8 and 9 weeks, between 9 and 10 weeks, or between 10 and 11 weeks.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating ulcerative colitis in a patient in need thereof, where the method comprises a first dosing schedule followed by a second dosing schedule. In an aspect, a first dosing schedule comprises a treatment or induction dose. In an aspect, a first dosing schedule comprises a continuous dosing schedule. In another aspect, a second dosing schedule comprises a maintenance dose lower than or equal to a pharmaceutically active dose of a first dosing schedule. In another aspect, a second dosing schedule lasts for at least about 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, or 96 months. In an aspect, a second dosing schedule lasts permanently, for a treated patient's entire life span, or an indefinite period of time. In an aspect, a second dosing schedule is a continuous dosing schedule. In another aspect, a second dosing schedule is an intermittent dosing schedule. In a further aspect, a second dosing schedule is an intermittent dosing schedule comprising a treatment period of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days followed by a resting period of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days. In another aspect, a second dosing schedule comprises administering a second dose (e.g., a maintenance dose) every other day, every two days, or every 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 days. In another aspect, a maintenance dose is administered for an extended period of time with or without titration (or otherwise changing the dosage or dosing schedule). In an aspect, the interval between a first and a second dosing schedule is at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 weeks. In another aspect, a second dosing schedule (e.g., a maintenance dose) comprises a dosage about 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1000, 5000 or more folds lower than the dosage used in a first dosing schedule (e.g., an initial treatment dose). In another aspect, a second dosing schedule (e.g., a maintenance dosing schedule) has an equal or lower dosing frequency than a first dosing schedule (e.g., an initial treatment dosing schedule). In another aspect, a second dosing schedule (e.g., a maintenance dosing schedule) has a higher dosing interval than a first dosing schedule (e.g., an initial treatment dosing schedule).

In an aspect, a first or second dosing schedule used in a method can be once-a-week, twice-a-week, or thrice-a-week. The term “once-a-week” means that a dose is administered once in a week, preferably on the same day of each week. “Twice-a-week” means that a dose is administered two times in a week, preferably on the same two days of each weekly period. “Thrice-a-week” means that a dose is administered three times in a week, preferably on the same three days of each weekly period.

In an aspect, a patient being treated is a patient already with ulcerative colitis. Administration of a disclosed pharmaceutical composition to a clinically symptomatic human subject who is genetically predisposed or prone to ulcerative colitis is also useful in preventing or inhibiting the onset of clinical symptoms of ulcerative colitis. A human subject genetically predisposed or prone to ulcerative colitis can be a human subject having a close family member or relative exhibiting or having suffered ulcerative colitis. In another aspect, a subject being treated is a subject in which ulcerative colitis is to be prevented or inhibited. In another aspect, a subject being treated is predisposed or susceptible to ulcerative colitis. In another aspect, a patient being treated is a patient diagnosed as having ulcerative colitis. In an aspect, a patient being treated is a patient in need thereof.

In an aspect, a patient is a male patient. In an aspect, a patient is a female patient. In an aspect, a patient is a premature newborn. In an aspect, a patient is a term newborn. In an aspect, a patient is a neonate. In an aspect, a patient is an infant. In an aspect, a patient is a toddler. In an aspect, a patient is a young child. In an aspect, a patient is a child. In an aspect, a patient is an adolescent. In an aspect, a patient is a pediatric patient. In an aspect, a patient is a geriatric patient. In an aspect, a human patient is a child patient below about 18, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, or 1 year old. In another aspect, a human patient is an adult patient. In another aspect, a human patient is an elderly patient. In a further aspect, a human patient is a patient above about 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, or 95 years old. In another aspect, a patient is about between 1 and 5, between 2 and 10, between 3 and 18, between 21 and 50, between 21 and 40, between 21 and 30, between 50 and 90, between 60 and 90, between 70 and 90, between 60 and 80, or between 65 and 75 years old. In an aspect, a patient is a young old patient (65-74 years). In an aspect, a patient is a middle old patient (75-84 years). In an aspect, a patient is an old patient (>85 years).

In an aspect, a method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition orally, by enema, or via rectal suppository. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein is formulated as an enteric coated (and/or acid-resistant) capsule or microcapsule, or formulated as part of or administered together with a food, a food additive, a dairy-based product, a soy-based product or a derivative thereof, a jelly, or a yogurt. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein is formulated as an acid-resistant enteric coated capsule. A pharmaceutical composition can be provided as a powder for sale in combination with a food or drink. A food or drink can be a dairy-based product or a soy-based product. In another aspect, a food or food supplement contains enteric-coated and/or acid-resistant microcapsules containing a pharmaceutical composition.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a liquid culture. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is lyophilized, pulverized and powdered. It may then be infused, dissolved such as in saline, as an enema. Alternatively the powder may be encapsulated as enteric-coated and/or acid-resistant capsules for oral administration. These capsules may take the form of enteric-coated and/or acid-resistant microcapsules. A powder can preferably be provided in a palatable form for reconstitution for drinking or for reconstitution as a food additive. In a further aspect, a food is yogurt. In an aspect, a powder may be reconstituted to be infused via naso-duodenal infusion.

In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein is in a liquid, frozen, freeze-dried, spray-dried, lyophilized, or powder form. In a further aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein is formulated as a delayed or gradual enteric release form. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein comprises an excipient, a saline, a buffer, a buffering agent, or a fluid-glucose-cellobiose agar (RGCA) media. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein comprises a cryoprotectant. In an aspect, a cryoprotectant comprises polyethylene glycol, skim milk, erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, glucose, fructose, alanine, glycine, proline, sucrose, lactose, ribose, trehalose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a lyophilized formulation further comprising a reducing agent. In certain embodiments, the reducing agent comprises cysteine selected from the group consisting of D-cysteine and L-cysteine. In another aspect, cysteine is at a concentration of at least about 0.025%. In one aspect, cysteine is at a concentration of about 0.025%. In another aspect, cysteine is at a concentration of 0.025%. In another aspect, another reducing agent other than cysteine is used in lieu of, or in combination with cysteine. In an aspect, another reducing agent is selected from the group comprising ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, thioglycolic acid, sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glutathione, Methionine, thioglycerol, and alpha tocopherol.

In one aspect, cysteine is at a concentration of at least about 0.005%, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.015%, at least about 0.02%, at least about 0.025%, at least about 0.03%, at least about 0.035%, at least about 0.04%, at least about 0.045%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.055%, at least about 0.06%, at least about 0.065%, at least about 0.07%, at least about 0.075%, at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.085%, at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.095%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.12%, at least about 0.14%, at least about 0.16%, at least about 0.18%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 4%, at least about 6%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 12%, at least about 14%, at least about 16%, at least about 18%, at least about 20%, at least about 22%, at least about 24%, or at least about 26%.

In one aspect, a therapeutic composition comprises a cryoprotectant. As used herein, a “cryoprotectant” refers to a substance that is added to a formulation in order to protect an active ingredient during freezing. In an aspect, a cryoprotectant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of polyethylene glycol, skim milk, erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, glucose, fructose, alanine, glycine, proline, sucrose, lactose, ribose, trehalose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, or a combination thereof. In an aspect of the present disclosure, a cryoprotectant can be selected from the group comprising 5% Sucrose; 10% Sucrose; 10% Skim milk; 10% Trehalose with 2.5% sucrose; 5% Trehalose with 2.5% sucrose; 5% Mannitol; 5% Mannitol with 0.1% Polysorbate 80; 10% Mannitol; 10% Mannitol with 0.1% Polysorbate 80; 5% Trehalose; 5% Trehalose with 0.1% Polysorbate 80; 10% Trehalose; and 10% Trehalose with 0.1% Polysorbate 80.

In another aspect, a therapeutic composition comprises a lyoprotectant. As used herein, a “lyoprotectant” refers to a substance that is added to a formulation in order to protect an active ingredient during the drying stage of a lyophilization (also known as freeze-drying) process. In one aspect, the same substance or the same substance combination is used as both a cryoprotectant and a lyoprotectant. Exemplary lyoprotectants include sugars such as sucrose or trehalose; an amino acid such as monosodium glutamate or histidine; a methylamine such as betaine; a lyotropic salt such as magnesium sulfate; a polyol such as trihydric or higher sugar alcohols, e.g. glycerin, erythritol, glycerol, arabitol, xylitol, sorbitol, and mannitol; propylene glycol; polyethylene glycol; Pluronics; and combinations thereof. In one aspect, a lyoprotectant is a non-reducing sugar, such as trehalose or sucrose. In one aspect, a cryoprotectant or a lyoprotectant consists essentially of, or consists of, one or more substances mentioned in this paragraph and the paragraph above.

In one aspect, a cryoprotectant or a lyoprotectant comprise an intracellular agent, e.g., DMSO, Glycerol, or PEG, which penetrates inside the cell preventing the formation of ice crystals that could result in membrane rupture. In another aspect, a cryoprotectant or a lyoprotectant comprise an extracellular agent, e.g., sucrose, trehalose, or dextrose, which does not penetrate into the cell membrane but acts to improve the osmotic imbalance that occurs during freezing.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lyophilized fecal microbe preparation comprising a lyophilization formulation comprising at least about 12.5% trehalose.

In one aspect, a lyophilization formulation comprises at least about 5%, at least about 7.5%, at least about 10%, at least about 12.5%, at least about 13%, at least about 13.5%, at least about 14%, at least about 14.5%, at least about 15%, at least about 15.5%, at least about 16%, at least about 16.5%, at least about 17%, at least about 17.5%, at least about 18%, at least about 18.5%, at least about 19%, at least about 19.5%, at least about 20%, at least about 22.5%, at least about 25%, at least about 27.5%, at least about 30%, at least about 32.5%, at least about 35%, at least about 37.5%, at least about 40%, at least about 42.5%, at least about 45%, at least about 47.5%, at least about 50%, at least about 52.5%, at least about 55%, at least about 57.5%, or at least about 60% of trehalose.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein further comprises an acid suppressant, an antacid, an H2 antagonist, a proton pump inhibitor or a combination thereof. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein is substantially free of non-living matter. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein is substantially free of acellular material selected from the group consisting of residual fiber, DNA, viral coat material, and non-viable material.

The compositions and methods of the present invention may further comprise one or more prebiotics.

A prebiotic is a substrate that is selectively used by a host microorganism to produce a health benefit in a subject/patient. Without wishing to be bound by theory, prebiotics are added to nutritionally supplement bacteria in the microbiome and/or in a microbial composition, e.g., to stimulate the growth or activity of one or more strains of beneficial bacteria. Additionally, the prebiotics may be added to prevent “shock” to bacterial strains subsequent to their isolation or purification, freezing, freeze-drying, spray-drying, reconstitution in solution and the like.

Examples of prebiotics include amino acids, ammonium nitrate, amylose, barley mulch, biotin, carbonate, cellulose, chitin, choline, fructooligosaccharides (FOSs), fructose, galactooligosaccharides (GOSs), glucose, glycerol, heteropolysaccharide, histidine, homopolysaccharide, hydroxyapatite, inulin, isomaltulose, lactose, lactulose, maltodextrins, maltose, mannooligosaccharides, tagatose, nitrogen, oligodextrose, oligofructoses, oligofructose-enriched inulin, oligosaccharides, pectin, phosphate salts, phosphorus, polydextroses, polyols, potash, potassium, sodium nitrate, starch, sucrose, sulfur, sun fiber, tagatose, thiamine, trans-galactooligosaccharides, trehalose, vitamins, a water-soluble carbohydrate, and/or xylooligosaccharides (XOSs).

In embodiments, a prebiotic can be added (e.g., in dry or liquid forms) to a microbial composition of the present invention.

Alternately, or additionally, a prebiotic can be included (e.g., in dry or liquid forms) in a distinct pharmaceutical composition which lacks a microbial composition of the present invention.

A prebiotic may be provided to a subject before, contemporaneously with, and/or after a pharmaceutical composition comprising a microbial composition of the present invention is administered, either in a pharmaceutical composition comprising the microbial composition or in a pharmaceutical composition lacking a microbial composition.

A prebiotic may be provided in a single dose or in multiple doses. When provided as a single composition, the single composition may comprise a single prebiotic or a mixture of prebiotics. When provided in multiple compositions, each composition may comprise a single prebiotic or a mixture of prebiotics.

As examples, when multiple doses are provided, a first composition comprising a prebiotic may include one specific prebiotic, e.g., inulin, and a second composition may include a second specific prebiotic, e.g., pectin. Alternately, a first composition may include a mixture of prebiotics, e.g., inulin and pectin and a second composition may include different mixture of prebiotics, e.g., inulin and a FOS. A first composition may include a mixture of prebiotics and a second composition may include one specific prebiotic.

The amount of prebiotic provided to a subject/patient and/or included in a composition depends on the specific prebiotic, the specific bacterial strain of beneficial bacteria, and/or the disease state of the subject/patient.

In an aspect, a method further comprises pretreating a subject with an antibiotic composition prior to administering a pharmaceutical bacterial or microbiota composition. In an aspect, an antibiotic composition administered herein comprises an antibiotic selected from the group consisting of rifabutin, clarithromycin, clofazimine, vancomycin, rifampicin, nitroimidazole, chloramphenicol, and a combination thereof. In another aspect, an antibiotic composition administered herein comprises an antibiotic selected from the group consisting of rifaximin, rifamycin derivative, rifampicin, rifabutin, rifapentine, rifalazil, bicozamycin, aminoglycoside, gentamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, paromomycin, verdamicin, mutamicin, sisomicin, netilmicin, retymicin, kanamycin, aztreonam, aztreonam macrolide, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, roxithromycin, telithromycin, azithromycin, bismuth subsalicylate, vancomycin, streptomycin, fidaxomicin, amikacin, arbekacin, neomycin, netilmicin, paromomycin, rhodostreptomycin, tobramycin, apramycin, and a combination thereof. In a further aspect, a method further comprises pretreating a subject with an anti-inflammatory drug prior to administration of a pharmaceutical bacterial or microbiota composition.

In an aspect, a method achieves a remission, cure, response, or resolution rate of ulcerative colitis of at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, or 99%. In an aspect, a treatment method achieves a reduction of ulcerative colitis disease activity index (UCDAI) after 8 weeks of treatment by more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11. In another aspect, a treatment method achieves a reduction of ulcerative colitis disease activity index (UCDAI) after 8 weeks of treatment by more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 in at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% patients in a patient population. In an aspect, a treatment method achieves at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% reduction of ulcerative colitis disease activity index (UCDAI) after 8 weeks of treatment compared to baseline (e.g., immediately prior to treatment). In an aspect, a treatment method achieves at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% reduction of ulcerative colitis disease activity index (UCDAI) in at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% patients after 8 weeks of treatment compared to baseline (e.g., immediately prior to treatment).

In a further aspect, a patient is assessed using the Disease Activity Index (DAI) or Mayo score system as described in Schroeder et al., Coated oral 5-aminosalcylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. N Eng J Med. 1987; 317: 1625-1629. In an aspect, a treatment method achieves at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% reduction of Mayo score after 8 weeks of treatment compared to baseline (e.g., immediately prior to treatment). In an aspect, a treatment method achieves at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% reduction of Mayo score in at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% patients after 8 weeks of treatment compared to baseline (e.g., immediately prior to treatment).

In an aspect, a pharmaceutically active or therapeutically effective dose comprises at least about 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², or 10¹³ cfu. In another aspect, a pharmaceutically active therapeutically effective dose comprises at most about 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², or 10¹³ cfu. In a further aspect, a pharmacologically active therapeutically effective dose is selected from the group consisting of from 10⁸ cfu to 10¹⁴ cfu, from 10⁹ cfu to 10¹³ cfu, from 10¹⁰ cfu to 10¹² cfu, from 10⁹ cfu to 10¹⁴ cfu, from 10⁹ cfu to 10¹² cfu, from 10⁹ cfu to 10¹¹ cfu, from 10⁹ cfu to 10¹⁰ cfu, from 10¹⁰ cfu to 10¹⁴ cfu, from 10¹⁰ cfu to 10¹³ cfu, from 10¹¹ cfu to 10¹⁴ cfu, from 10¹¹ cfu to 10¹³ cfu, from 10¹² cfu to 10¹⁴ cfu, and from 10¹³ cfu to 10¹⁴ cfu.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutically active or therapeutically effective dose comprises at least about 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², or 10¹³ cells or spores. In another aspect, a pharmaceutically active or therapeutically effective dose comprises at most about 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², or 10¹³ total cells or spores. In a further aspect, a pharmacologically active or therapeutically effective dose is selected from the group consisting of from 10⁸ to 10¹⁴, from 10⁹ to 10¹³, from 10¹⁰ to 10¹², from 10⁹ to 10¹⁴, from 10⁹ to 10¹², from 10⁹ to 10¹¹, from 10⁹ to 10¹⁰, from 10¹⁰ to 10¹⁴, from 10¹⁰ to 10¹³, from 10¹¹ to 10¹⁴, from 10¹¹ to 10¹³, from 10¹² to 10¹⁴, and from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴ cells or spores. In an aspect, the pharmaceutically active or therapeutically effective dose cell count is directed to viable cells.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein comprises a fecal microbiota. In another aspect, the preparation of a fecal microbiota used herein involves a treatment selected from the group consisting of ethanol treatment, detergent treatment, heat treatment, irradiation, and sonication. In another aspect, the preparation of a fecal microbiota used herein involves no treatment selected from the group consisting of ethanol treatment, detergent treatment, heat treatment, irradiation, and sonication. In an aspect, the preparation of a fecal microbiota used herein involves a separation step selected from the group consisting of density gradients, filtration (e.g., sieves, nylon mesh), and chromatography. In another aspect, the preparation of a fecal microbiota used herein involves no separation step selected from the group consisting of density gradients, filtration (e.g., sieves, nylon mesh), and chromatography. In another aspect, a fecal microbiota used herein comprises a donor's entire fecal microbiota. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein comprises a fecal microbiota substantially free of eukaryotic cells from the fecal microbiota's donor.

In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein comprises a fecal microbiota further supplemented, spiked, or enhanced with a fecal microorganism. In an aspect, a fecal microbiota is supplemented with a non-pathogenic (or with attenuated pathogenicity) bacterium of Clostridium, Collinsella, Dorea, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella, Bacteroides, Baccillus, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein comprises a fecal microbiota further supplemented, spiked, or enhanced with a species of Veillonellaceae, Firmicutes, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition administered herein comprises a fecal microbiota further supplemented with fecal bacterial spores. In an aspect, fecal bacterial spores are Clostridium spores, Bacillus spores, or both.

In a further aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises fecal bacteria from at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different families. In a further aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises fecal bacteria from multiple donors. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition provided or administered herein comprises a fecal microbiota comprising no greater than 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% weight non-living material/weight biological material. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition provided or administered herein comprises a fecal microbiota comprising no greater than 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% weight non-living material/weight biological material. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition provided or administered herein comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of, particles of non-living material and/or particles of biological material of a fecal sample that passes through a sieve, a column, or a similar filtering device having a sieve, exclusion, or particle filter size of 2.0 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.212 mm, 0.180 mm, 0.150 mm, 0.125 mm, 0.106 mm, 0.090 mm, 0.075 mm, 0.063 mm, 0.053 mm, 0.045 mm, 0.038 mm, 0.032 mm, 0.025 mm, 0.020 mm, 0.01 mm, or 0.2 mm. “Non-living material” does not include an excipient, e.g., a pharmaceutically inactive substance, such as a cryoprotectant, added to a processed fecal material. “Biological material” refers to the living material in fecal material, and includes microbes including prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea (e.g., living prokaryotic cells and spores that can sporulate to become living prokaryotic cells), eukaryotic cells such as protozoa and fungi, and viruses. In one embodiment, “biological material” refers to the living material, e.g., the microbes, eukaryotic cells, and viruses, which are present in the colon of a normal healthy human. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition provided or administered herein comprises an extract of human feces where the composition is substantially odorless. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition provided or administered herein comprises fecal material or a fecal floral preparation in a lyophilized, crude, semi-purified or purified formulation.

In an aspect, a fecal microbiota in a pharmaceutical composition comprises highly refined or purified fecal flora, e.g., substantially free of non-floral fecal material. In an aspect, a fecal microbiota can be further processed, e.g., to undergo microfiltration before, after, or before and after sieving. In another aspect, a highly purified fecal microbiota product is ultra-filtrated to remove large molecules but retain the pharmaceutical microflora, e.g., bacteria.

In another aspect, a fecal microbiota in a pharmaceutical composition used herein comprises or consists essentially of a substantially isolated or a purified fecal flora or entire (or substantially entire) microbiota that is (or comprises) an isolate of fecal flora that is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% isolated or pure, or having no more than about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9% or 1.0% or more non-fecal floral material; or, a substantially isolated, purified, or substantially entire microbiota as described in Sadowsky et al., WO 2012/122478 A1, or as described in Borody et al., WO 2012/016287 A2.

In an aspect, a fecal microbiota in a pharmaceutical composition comprises a donor's substantially entire or non-selected fecal microbiota, reconstituted fecal material, or synthetic fecal material. In another aspect, the fecal microbiota in a pharmaceutical composition comprises no antibiotic resistant population. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a fecal microbiota and is largely free of extraneous matter (e.g., non-living matter including acellular matter such as residual fiber, DNA, RNA, viral coat material, non-viable material; and living matter such as eukaryotic cells from the fecal matter's donor).

In an aspect, a fecal microbiota in a pharmaceutical composition used herein is derived from disease-screened fresh homologous feces or equivalent freeze-dried and reconstituted feces. In an aspect, a fresh homologous feces does not include an antibiotic resistant population. In another aspect, a fecal microbiota in a pharmaceutical composition is derived from a synthetic fecal composition. In an aspect, a synthetic fecal composition comprises a preparation of viable flora which preferably in proportional content, resembles normal healthy human fecal flora which does not include antibiotic resistant populations. Suitable microorganisms may be selected from the following: Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Clostridium, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Coprococcus, Dorea, and Ruminococcus.

In one aspect, an exemplary therapeutic composition comprises starting material from a donor from a defined donor pool, where this donor contributes a stool that is centrifuged, then filtered with very high-level filtration using e.g., either metal sieving or Millipore filters, or equivalent, to ultimately permit only cells of bacterial origin to remain, e.g., often less than about 5 micrometers diameter. After the initial centrifugation, the solid material is separated from the liquid, and the solid is then filtered in progressively reducing size filters and tangential filters, e.g., using a Millipore filtration, and optionally, also comprising use of nano-membrane filtering. The filtering can also be done by sieves as described in WO 2012/122478, but in contrast using sieves that are smaller than 0.0120 mm, down to about 0.0110 mm, which ultimately result in having only bacterial cells present.

The supernatant separated during centrifugation is now taken and filtered progressively in a filtering, e.g., a Millipore filtering or equivalent systems, to end up with liquid which is finely filtered through an about 0.22 micron filter. This removes all particulate matter including all living matter, including bacteria and viruses. The product then is sterile, but the aim is to remove the bacteria but to keep their secretions, especially antimicrobial bacteriocins, bacteria-derived cytokine-like products and all accompanying Biologically Active Molecules (BAMs), including: thuricin (which is secreted by bacilli in donor stools), bacteriocins (including colicin, troudulixine or putaindicine, or microcin or subtilosin A), lanbiotics (including nisin, subtilin, epidermin, mutacin, mersacidin, actagardine, cinnamycin), lacticins and other antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory compounds.

In one aspect, a therapeutic composition used here comprises a reconstituted fecal flora consisting essentially of a combination of a purified fecal microbiota and a non-cellular fecal filtrate. In another aspect, a therapeutic composition used here comprises a purified fecal microbiota supplemented with one or more non-cellular non-particulate fecal components. In one aspect, a therapeutic composition used here comprises one or more non-cellular non-particulate fecal components. In one aspect, one or more non-cellular non-particulate fecal components comprise synthetic molecules, biologically active molecules produced by a fecal microorganism, or both. In another aspect, one or more non-cellular non-particulate fecal components comprise biologically active proteins or peptides, micronutrients, fats, sugars, small carbohydrates, trace elements, mineral salts, ash, mucous, amino acids, nutrients, vitamins, minerals, or any combination thereof. In one aspect, one or more non-cellular non-particulate fecal components comprise one or more biologically active molecules selected from the group consisting of bacteriocin, lanbiotic, and lacticin. In another aspect, one or more non-cellular non-particulate fecal components comprise one or more bacteriocins selected from the group consisting of colicin, troudulixine, putaindicine, microcin, and subtilosin A. In one aspect, one or more non-cellular non-particulate fecal components comprise one or more lanbiotics selected from the group consisting of thuricin, nisin, subtilin, epidermin, mutacin, mersacidin, actagardine, and cinnamycin. In another aspect, one or more non-cellular non-particulate fecal components comprise an anti-spore compound, an antimicrobial compound, an anti-inflammatory compound, or any combination thereof. In a further aspect, one or more non-cellular non-particulate fecal components comprise an interleukin, a cytokine, a leukotriene, an eicosanoid, or any combination thereof.

In another aspect, a treatment method provided here comprises the use of both fecal bacterial cells, e.g., a partial or a complete representation of the human GI microbiota, and an isolated, processed, filtered, concentrated, reconstituted and/or artificial liquid component (e.g., fecal filtrate) of the flora (the microbiota) which comprises, among others ingredients, bacterial secretory products such as e.g., bacteriocins (proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria, including colicin, troudulixine or putaindicine, or microcin or subtilosin A), lanbiotics (a class of peptide antibiotics that contain a characteristic polycyclic thioether amino acid lanthionine or methyllanthionine, and unsaturated amino acids dehydroalanine and 2-aminoisobutyric acid; which include thuricin (which is secreted by bacilli in donor stools), nisin, subtilin, epidermin, mutacin, mersacidin, actagardine, cinnamycin), a lacticin (a family of pore-forming peptidic toxins) and other antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory compounds and/or additional biologically active molecules (BAMs) produced by bacteria or other microorganisms of the microbiota, and/or which are found in the “liquid component” of a microbiota.

In one aspect, a fecal bacteria-based therapeutic composition is used concurrently with a fecal non-cellular filtrate-based therapeutic composition. In another aspect, a patient is treated with a first fecal non-cellular filtrate-based therapeutic composition before being given a second fecal bacteria-based therapeutic composition, or vice versa. In a further aspect, a treatment method comprises three steps: first, antibiotic pretreatment to non-selectively remove infectious pathogen(s); second, a fecal non-cellular filtrate-based treatment step to further suppress selected infectious pathogen(s); and third, giving the patient a fecal bacteria-based therapeutic composition to re-establish a functional intestinal microbiome.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is combined with other adjuvants such as antacids to dampen bacterial inactivation in the stomach. (e.g., Mylanta, Mucaine, Gastrogel). In another aspect, acid secretion in the stomach could also be pharmacologically suppressed using H2-antagonists or proton pump inhibitors. An example H2-antagonist is ranitidine. An example proton pump inhibitor is omeprazole. In an aspect, an acid suppressant is administered prior to administering, or in co-administration with, a pharmaceutical composition.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is in the form of: an enema composition which can be reconstituted with an appropriate diluent; enteric-coated capsules; enteric-coated microcapsules; acid-resistant tablet; acid-resistant capsules; acid-resistant microcapsules; powder for reconstitution with an appropriate diluent for naso-enteric infusion or colonoscopic infusion; powder for reconstitution with appropriate diluent, flavoring and gastric acid suppression agent for oral ingestion; powder for reconstitution with food or drink; or food or food supplement comprising enteric-coated and/or acid-resistant microcapsules of the composition, powder, jelly, or liquid.

In an aspect, a treatment method effects a cure, reduction of the symptoms, or a percentage reduction of symptoms of ulcerative colitis. The change of flora is preferably as “near-complete” as possible and, in an aspect, the flora is replaced by viable organisms which will crowd out any remaining, original flora. Typically the change in enteric flora comprises introduction of an array of predetermined flora into the gastro-intestinal system, and thus in a preferred form the method of treatment comprises substantially or completely displacing pathogenic enteric flora in patients requiring such treatment.

In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition can be provided together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a non-toxic solvent, dispersant, excipient, adjuvant, or other material which is mixed with a viable bacterium in order to permit the formation of a pharmaceutical composition, e.g., a dosage form capable of administration to the patient. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be liquid (e.g., saline), gel or solid form of diluents, adjuvant, excipients or an acid resistant encapsulated ingredient. Suitable diluents and excipients include pharmaceutical grades of physiological saline, dextrose, glycerol, mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like, and combinations thereof. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition may contain auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, stabilizing or pH buffering agents. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition contains about 1%-5%, 5%-10%, 10%-15%, 15-20%, 20%-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 40-45%, 50%-55%, 1%-95%, 2%-95%, 5%-95%, 10%-95%, 15%-95%, 20%-95%, 25%-95%, 30%-95%, 35%-95%, 40%-95%, 45%-95%, 50%-95%, 55%-95%, 60%-95%, 65%-95%, 70%-95%, 45%-95%, 80%-95%, or 85%-95% of active ingredient. In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition contains about 2%-70%, 5%-60%, 10%-50%, 15%-40%, 20%-30%, 25%-60%, 30%-60%, or 35%-60% of active ingredient.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition can be incorporated into tablets, drenches, boluses, capsules or premixes. Formulation of these active ingredients into such dosage forms can be accomplished by means of methods well known in the pharmaceutical formulation arts. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,377. Filling gelatin capsules with any desired form of the active ingredients readily produces capsules. If desired, these materials can be diluted with an inert powdered diluent, such as sugar, starch, powdered milk, purified crystalline cellulose, or the like to increase the volume for convenience of filling capsules.

In an aspect, conventional formulation processes can be used to prepare tablets containing a pharmaceutical composition. In addition to the active ingredients, tablets may contain a base, a disintegrator, an absorbent, a binder, and a lubricant. Typical bases include lactose, sugar, sodium chloride, starch and mannitol. Starch is also a good disintegrator as is alginic acid. Surface-active agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate are also sometimes used. Commonly used absorbents include starch and lactose. Magnesium carbonate is also useful for oily substances. As a binder there can be used, for example, gelatin, gums, starch, dextrin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and various cellulose derivatives. Among the commonly used lubricants are magnesium stearate, talc, paraffin wax, various metallic soaps, and polyethylene glycol.

In an aspect, for preparing solid compositions such as tablets, an active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, or other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g. water, to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a composition of the present invention. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient is dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation composition is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing a desired amount of an active ingredient (e.g., at least about 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², or 10¹³ cfu). A pharmaceutical composition used herein can be flavored.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition can be a tablet or a pill. In an aspect, a tablet or a pill can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action. For example, a tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol and cellulose acetate.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition can be a drench. In an aspect, a drench is prepared by choosing a saline-suspended form of a pharmaceutical composition. A water-soluble form of one ingredient can be used in conjunction with a water-insoluble form of the other by preparing a suspension of one with an aqueous solution of the other. Water-insoluble forms of either active ingredient may be prepared as a suspension or in some physiologically acceptable solvent such as polyethylene glycol. Suspensions of water-insoluble forms of either active ingredient can be prepared in oils such as peanut, corn, sesame oil or the like; in a glycol such as propylene glycol or a polyethylene glycol; or in water depending on the solubility of a particular active ingredient. Suitable physiologically acceptable adjuvants may be necessary in order to keep the active ingredients suspended. Adjuvants can include and be chosen from among the thickeners, such as carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gelatin and the alginates. Surfactants generally will serve to suspend the active ingredients, particularly the fat-soluble propionate-enhancing compounds. Most useful for making suspensions in liquid nonsolvents are alkylphenol polyethylene oxide adducts, naphthalenesulfonates, alkylbenzene-sulfonates, and the polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters. In addition many substances, which affect the hydrophilicity, density and surface tension of the liquid, can assist in making suspensions in individual cases. For example, silicone anti-foams, glycols, sorbitol, and sugars can be useful suspending agents.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², or 10¹³ cfu. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises at most about 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², 10¹³ or 10¹⁴ cfu.

In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², or 10¹³ cells. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises at most about 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², 10¹³ or 10¹⁴ cells.

In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition and methods thereof comprise the following embodiments:

Embodiment 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more first microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, Eubacterium hallii, and any combination thereof, wherein said pharmaceutical composition contains no bacteria from one or more second microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila.

Embodiment 2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more first microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii, wherein said pharmaceutical composition contains no bacteria from a second microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and Sutterella wadsworthensis.

Embodiment 3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a substantially entire fecal microbiota supplemented, enhanced, or spiked with viable non-pathogenic bacteria from one or more microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii.

Embodiment 4. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a fecal microbe preparation having a relative abundance ratio of 2 or more between a first microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii, and a second microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila.

Embodiment 5. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 4, wherein said second microbial taxon is selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and Sutterella wadsworthensis.

Embodiment 6. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 4, wherein said relative abundance ratio is selected from the group consisting of 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 10 or more, 20 or more, 30 or more, 50 or more, 100 or more, and 200 or more.

Embodiment 7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a substantially entire fecal microbiota supplemented, enhanced, or spiked with viable non-pathogenic bacteria from a microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, and Bacteroides finegoldii.

Embodiment 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising viable non-pathogenic bacteria from a first microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, and Bacteroides finegoldii.

Embodiment 9. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 8, wherein said pharmaceutical composition contains no bacteria from a second microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and Sutterella wadsworthensis.

Embodiment 10. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 8, wherein said pharmaceutical composition contains no bacteria from a second microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides coprocola.

Embodiment 11. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein said viable non-pathogenic bacteria or said fecal microbe preparation are from a synthetic culture.

Embodiment 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a fecal microbiota preparation having a suppressed, decreased, reduced, minimized, or undetectable level of a microbial taxon selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides coprocola.

Embodiment 13. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is in an anaerobic package or container.

Embodiment 14. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is in a liquid, frozen, freeze-dried, spray-dried, lyophilized, or powder form.

Embodiment 15. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises an excipient, a saline, a buffer, a buffering agent, or a fluid-glucose-cellobiose agar (RGCA) media.

Embodiment 16. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is formulated as an enteric coated capsule or microcapsule, an acid-resistant capsule or microcapsule, an enteric coated tablet, an acid-resistant tablet, a powder suitable for reconstitution, a naso-duodenal infusion, or for delivery in the form of an enema or a colonoscopic infusion.

Embodiment 17. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is formulated as a delayed or gradual enteric release form.

Embodiment 18. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is administered together with a food, a liquid beverage, a food additive, a dairy-based product, a soy-based product or a derivative thereof, a jelly, or a yogurt.

Embodiment 19. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises a cryoprotectant.

Embodiment 20. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises a cryoprotectant comprises polyethylene glycol, skim milk, erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, glucose, fructose, alanine, glycine, proline, sucrose, lactose, ribose, trehalose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 21. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein said pharmaceutical composition further comprises an acid suppressant, an antacid, an H2 antagonist, a proton pump inhibitor or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 22. A method for treating ulcerative colitis (UC) in a patient in need thereof, said method comprising administering to said patient the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 21.

Embodiment 23. A method for modulating a metabolic marker from a pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, and starch degradation, in a UC patient in need thereof, said method comprising administering to said patient the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 21.

Embodiment 24. A method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a modulator of a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, and any combination thereof.

Embodiment 25. The method of embodiment 24, wherein said modulator comprises the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 21.

Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 24, wherein said method comprises upregulating or promoting said metabolic pathway in said patient's fecal microbiome.

Embodiment 27. A method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 21 to said patient, wherein said patient is pretested for one or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, starch degradation, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway.

Embodiment 28. A method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 21 to said patient, wherein said patient is pretested for the relative abundance of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, or Sutterella wadsworthensis.

Embodiment 29. A method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 21 to said patient, wherein said patient comprises a relative abundance of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, or Sutterella wadsworthensis below a pre-determined highest limit.

Embodiment 30. A method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 21 to said patient, wherein said patient comprises a relative abundance of one or more microbial taxa selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila, below a pre-determined highest limit.

Embodiment 31. A method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 21 to said patient, wherein said patient comprises one or more markers, above a pre-determined lowest level, from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, and starch degradation.

Embodiment 32. A method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 21 to said patient, wherein said patient comprises one or more markers, below a pre-determined highest level, from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway.

Embodiment 33. A method for modulating a marker from a pathway selected from the group consisting of heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway, in a UC patient in need thereof, said method comprising administering to said patient the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 21.

Embodiment 34. The method of any one of embodiments 27 to 33, wherein said one or more markers are metabolic markers.

Embodiment 35. The method of any one of embodiments 27 to 33, wherein said one or more markers comprise one or more metabolic pathway genes.

Embodiment 36. A method for treating UC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a modulator of a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation pathway, and any combination thereof.

Embodiment 37. The method of embodiment 36, wherein said modulator comprises the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 21.

Embodiment 38. The method of embodiment 36, wherein said method comprises downregulating or suppressing said metabolic pathway in said patient's fecal microbiome.

Embodiment 39. A method for producing a pharmaceutical composition, said method comprising

a) determining in a candidate fecal microbe source material the relative abundance of one or more bacterial markers selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides finegoldii, Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides coprocola; b) selecting said candidate fecal microbe source material if the relative abundance of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, or Bacteroides finegoldii is above a pre-determined lowest limit, and/or if the relative abundance of Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, or Bacteroides coprocola is below a pre-determined highest limit; and c) producing a pharmaceutical composition from said selected fecal microbe source material.

Embodiment 40. The method of embodiment 39, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is for treating UC.

Embodiment 41. A method for selecting a fecal donor, said method comprising

a) determining in a candidate fecal donor the relative fecal abundance of one or more bacterial markers selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides finegoldii, Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides coprocola; and b) selecting said candidate fecal donor for future fecal donation, if the relative fecal abundance of Bacteroides OTU187, Bacteroides fragilis, or Bacteroides finegoldii is above a pre-determined lowest limit, and/or if the relative fecal abundance of Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), Streptococcus (OTU56), Sutterella wadsworthensis, Bacteroides uniformis, or Bacteroides coprocola is below a pre-determined highest limit.

Embodiment 42. The method of embodiment 41, wherein said donor is selected for producing a pharmaceutical composition for treating UC.

Embodiment 43. A method for selecting a fecal microbe source material, said method comprising

a) Determining in a candidate fecal microbe source material the relative abundance of one or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of fatty acid biosynthesis, propanoate metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of ansamycins; and b) selecting said candidate fecal microbe source material if the relative abundance of said one or more markers is above a pre-determined lowest limit.

Embodiment 44. The method of embodiment 43, wherein said fecal microbe source material is selected for producing a pharmaceutical composition for treating UC.

Embodiment 45. The method of embodiment 43, wherein said one or more markers are metabolic markers.

Embodiment 46. The method of embodiment 43, wherein said one or more markers comprise one or more metabolic pathway genes.

Embodiment 47. A method for selecting a fecal microbe source material, said method comprising

a) determining in a candidate fecal microbe source material the relative abundance of one or more markers from a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, bacterial chemotaxis, and heme biosynthesis; and

b) selecting said candidate fecal microbe source material if the relative abundance of said one or more markers is below a pre-determined highest limit.

Embodiment 48. The method of embodiment 47, wherein said fecal microbe source material is selected for producing a pharmaceutical composition for treating UC.

Embodiment 49. The method of embodiment 47, wherein said one or more markers are metabolic markers.

Embodiment 50. The method of embodiment 47, wherein said one or more markers comprise one or more metabolic pathway genes.

Embodiment 51. A method for selecting a UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, said method comprising

a) determining in a UC patient one or more markers for the relative fecal abundance of a taxon selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, Eubacterium hallii, Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, and Bilophila; and b) selecting said UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, if the relative fecal abundance of Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, or Eubacterium hallii is above a pre-determined lowest limit, and/or if the relative fecal abundance of Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella, or Bilophila is below a pre-determined highest limit.

Embodiment 52. A method for selecting a UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, said method comprising

a) determining in a UC patient one or more markers for the relative fecal abundance of a taxon selected from the group consisting of Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Prevotella copri, and Sutterella wadsworthensis; and

b) selecting said UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, if the relative fecal abundance of said taxon is below a pre-determined highest limit.

Embodiment 53. A method for selecting a UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, said method comprising

a) determining in a UC patient the relative fecal abundance of one or more markers for a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate, short chain fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of ansamycins, and starch degradation; and b) selecting said UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, if the relative fecal abundance is above a pre-determined lowest limit.

Embodiment 54. A method for selecting a UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, said method comprising

a) determining in a UC patient the relative fecal abundance of one or more markers for a metabolic pathway selected from the group consisting of heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway; and b) selecting said UC patient for a fecal microbe-based therapy, if the relative fecal abundance is below a pre-determined highest limit.

Embodiment 55. The method of any one of embodiments 51 to 54, further comprising subjecting said selected UC patient to a fecal microbe-based therapy.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Trial Design and Microbiome Characterization of a FMT-Based Therapy of UC

Patients with active UC are randomised in a double-blind controlled trial to intensive multi-donor FMT or placebo enemas 5 days per week for 8 weeks. Patients randomised to placebo are eligible to receive open-label FMT after the double-blind study period. FMT infusions are constituted from the blended homogenised stool of 3 to 7 unrelated donors, to increase microbial heterogeneity. Each patient receives all their FMT infusions from the same donor batch. See ClinicalTrials.gov at NCT01896635 and Paramsothy et al., Lancet 2017; 389: 1218-28, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Fecal samples are collected from individual donors, multi-donor FMT batches and study patients for molecular microbiological analyses and gastrointestinal microbial community profiling. Donor fecal samples (n=105) are collected from the 14 individual donors (n=55) and the 21 multi-donor FMT batches (n=50); eight samples are also taken from 4 placebo batches to serve as control.

Seventy study patients provide a total of 314 fecal samples at screening, then every 4 weeks during treatment (blinded, and open label if applicable) and eight weeks after completing blinded or open-label FMT therapy. These patients also contribute 160 colonoscopic large bowel biopsies at study entry prior to treatment, after eight weeks of active or placebo treatment (the primary study endpoint), and where relevant after a further eight weeks of open-label treatment.

All samples are stored at −80° C. immediately after collection until nucleic acid extraction. Fecal samples are homogenised and both DNA and RNA extracted using the MOBIO PowerViral RNA/DNA Isolation kit. Fecal RNA is then isolated from DNA using the MOBIO On-Spin Column DNase kit and Bioline Isolate II RNA micro clean-up kit. Colonic biopsy samples are homogenised and bacterial DNA and RNA extracted using the Macherey-Nagel RNA Isolation Kit. Colonic RNA is then isolated from DNA using the MOBIO On-Spin Column DNase kit and Macherey-Nagel RNA clean-up kit. Fecal and colonic RNA is then converted to cDNA using the SensiFAST cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bioline).

The 16S rRNA gene fragment of the extracted DNA and RNA converted to cDNA is amplified using the Immolase DNA polymerase (95° C. for 10 min, 35 cycles of 94° C. for 30 s 55° C. for 10 s, 72° C. for 45 s, followed by a final step of 72° C. for 10 min) and the primers F27-519R. Sample indices and Illumina sequencing adapters are attached using the Nextera XT Index Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Amplicon sequencing is performed with the Illumina MiSeq Reagent kit v3 (2x300 bp) at the Ramaciotti Centre for Genomics. Shotgun metagenomics is performed on DNA extracted from 285 donor and patient fecal samples using Nextera XT DNA library prep kit and 2×250 bp HiSeq 2500 chemistry. This results in five datasets including fecal 16S DNA, fecal 16S cDNA, colonic biopsy 16S DNA, colonic biopsy 16S cDNA, and fecal shotgun DNA.

Quality filtering of 16S rRNA sequences is conducted using software package mothur (Schloss (2009). “Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75(23): 7537-7541) and follows the mothur MiSeq SOP (Kozich (2013). “Development of a Dual-Index Sequencing Strategy and Curation Pipeline for Analyzing Amplicon Sequence Data on the MiSeq Illumina Sequencing Platform.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79(17): 5112-5120). Paired-end sequences are merged into contigs, and poor quality contigs removed based on alignment quality and ambiguous base calls. A multiple sequence alignment is constructed using the SILVA SEED 16S rRNA reference alignment (Quast The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41: D590-6), and poorly aligned sequences removed. To eliminate artefacts of sequencing at high frequency, rare sequences with high similarity to abundant sequences are clustered together. Chimeric sequences are removed using uchime (Edgar Bioinformatics, 2011; 27: 2194-200). Sequences are taxonomically classified using the Ribosomal Database project taxonomic outline (Wang Appl Environ Microbiol, 2007; 73: 5261-7) and those without classification at the kingdom level (unknown) or classified as mitochondrial or chloroplast are removed. Quality filtered sequences are then clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% similarity using the opti-dust average neighbour algorithm (Westcott OptiClust, an Improved Method for Assigning Amplicon-Based Sequence Data to Operational Taxonomic Units. mSphere 2017; 2), and consensus taxonomies of the OTUs obtained using the classifications of sequences within each OTU. The resulting OTU count by sample data matrix is used for data analysis.

Shotgun metagenomic DNA sequence reads are first analysed with DeconSeq (Schmieder Fast identification and removal of sequence contamination from genomic and metagenomic datasets. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17288) for identification and filtering of human DNA sequences. Sequencing reads are assessed for quality using FastQC (version 0.11.2). SolexaQA is then applied to calculate sequence quality statistics and perform quality filtering of the Illumina reads. Paired-end raw reads are trimmed with the BWA trimming mode at a threshold of Q13 (P=0.05) using the read trimmer module DynamicTrim. Filtered reads that are less than 50 bp in length are then discarded using LengthSort. The average microbial read counts per sample are 4,590,171±119,145 reads. MetaPhlAn2 (Truong et al. MetaPhlAn2 for enhanced metagenomic taxonomic profiling. Nat Methods 2015; 12: 902-3) is employed to generate taxonomic profiles from the shotgun reads, while HUMAnN2 (HMP Unified Metabolic Analysis Network) (Hall et al. A novel Ruminococcus gnavus clade enriched in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Genome medicine 2017; 9: 103) is used to determine the metabolic contributions within the samples. The HUMAnN2 pipeline involved mapping of the metagenomic reads against Uniref orthologous gene family, MetCyc UniPathway, and KEGG.

During the initial double-blind FMT trial patients are allocated to active FMT treatment or placebo groups (FMT: two levels—Placebo or FMT, factor type—fixed) and each patient is sampled at three time points over eight weeks (Time: three levels—0, 4 and 8 weeks, factor type—fixed). Each patient is included in the experimental design as a random factor. After 8 weeks, the initial placebo group receive active FMT and are sampled further at weeks 4 and 8 of the open-label (non-blind) period. All patients receiving active FMT are also sampled at 8 weeks after completing active FMT therapy (blinded or open-label).

To examine which microbial taxa differed between patients showing remission, data are combined from the blinded and open-label study periods, and then groups are created based on remission (Remission, two levels—Yes or No, factor type—fixed) and treatment group (FMT: three levels—Placebo, FMTblind or FMTopen). We then examined the effect of different categories of remission, including remission within the blinded trial (Remission among Placebo and FMTblind), and regardless of study phase (Remission among Placebo, FMTblind and FMTopen). Analyses are made using four different endpoint classifications—primary endpoint, clinical remission, endoscopic response, and endoscopic remission (steroid free endoscopic Mayo score of 0) (Paramsothy et al., Lancet 2017; 389: 1218-28).

The effect of donor batch on remission is examined by allocating donor batches into two groups based on the number of patient remissions observed for each batch (DonorRemission, two levels—Yes or No, factor type—fixed). If more than 50% of the patients receiving a particular donor batch showed remission, the donor batch is allocated to the DonorRemission=Yes group, while all other donors are allocated to the DonorRemission=No group.

Microbial communities are examined with respect to the above analyses in terms of alpha-diversity and beta-diversity, as well as comparing each taxon individually. Prior to diversity comparisons, the OTU counts are rarefied to account for uneven sequencing depths among samples (35,371,968 total clean reads; rarefied to 6447 clean reads/sample). Linear mixed models (LMMs) are used to examine the effects of the various predictors mentioned above. Models are created using the R packages LME4 (Bates et al., (2015). “Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4.” Journal of Statistical Software 2015 67(1): 48) and lmerTest (Kuznetsova et al., (2017). “lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models.” Journal of Statistical Software 82(13): 1-26).

The Bray-Curtis (BC) dissimilarity coefficient for beta-diversity comparisons is employed, and prior to calculation of BC dissimilarities, OTU counts are transformed into square-root relative abundances. The BC distance matrix is visualized using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS). PERMANOVA is used to examine the effects of the various predictors mentioned above. Dissimilarities, Figures and models are created using the R package ‘vegan’ (Oksanen, (2017) Vegan: Community Ecology Package). For per taxon comparisons, un-rarefied OTU counts are used in negative binomial generalised linear models (GLMs) with the sample totals used as an offset term. Contrasts are employed to examine the comparisons of interest within each analysis. Models are created using the R package DESeq2 (Love et al., Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2.” Genome Biology 15(12): 550). For confirmation, Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analyses are also performed (Segata et al. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome biology 2011; 12: R60).

Example 2 Specific Bacterial Taxa Associated with Therapeutic Outcome

Despite FMT therapy, five patients do not appear to have a major change in overall microbial structure, with their baseline samples clustering tightly with their samples during and post-FMT. Surprisingly, one of these patients achieves the primary outcome, and on further analysis, their overall microbiota structure is similar at baseline and during and post-FMT except for replacement of key species Bacteroides clarus (11.5% to 0.06%) and Akkermansia muciniphila (11.1% to 0%) with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (4.9% to 11.1%), Eubacterium rectale (0.19% to 9.9%), and Eubacterium siraeum (0.96% to 14.2%).

To identify specific microbial taxa significantly associated with achieving or not achieving the primary outcome across all patients, the abundances of each OTU is modeled in each dataset using negative binomial GLMs with remission as a predictor and presented the most discriminating taxa as potential biomarkers. A range of microbial taxa associated with lack of remission including Fusobacterium, Sutterella, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella and Bilophila, and these associations are in some datasets clearer when blinded and open label patients are stratified. The most consistent association with lack of achieving primary outcome is with Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, with this taxon identified in fecal 16S rRNA gene, mucosal 16S rRNA gene and transcript, and shotgun sequencing data. Of interest, Prevotella OTU2 (Prevotella copri in shotgun data) appears to flourish in several patients with FMT; however, this OTU is associated with lack of remission and patients who achieve remission tend to be those who resist dominance by Prevotella, having lower levels relative to patients who do not achieve remission.

There is less consistency in taxa associated with remission across the datasets—these most commonly involved members of Firmicutes e.g. Clostridium cluster XVIII, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Eubacterium hallii. The associations among a range of these microbial taxa and primary outcome are confirmed using LEfSe.

To further examine the consistency of these associations, GLMs is used with three other therapeutic outcomes including the stricter endpoint of complete endoscopic remission (steroid free endoscopic Mayo 0), endoscopic response, and clinical remission. Fusobacterium gonidiaformans, Sutterella wadsworthensis, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Megamonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Prevotella, Dialister, Veillonella and Bilophila are all consistently associated with lack of endoscopic remission. Analyses of endoscopic response and clinical remission are less consistent, likely due to the less strict nature of these endpoints; however, a range of the above taxa (including Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Dialister and Veillonella) are still associated with negative outcomes.

Example 3 FMT Results in Functional Changes Associated with Therapeutic Outcome

Microbial functional changes across FMT therapy and therapeutic outcome are characterised, with analysis focusing on outputs from KEGG and MetaCyc pathways. FMT, but not placebo, resulted in significant changes in microbial KEGG (F_(1,42)=2.5, P=0.027) and MetaCyc pathways (F_(1,43)=2.3, P=0.010). Despite intense FMT, patient microbial functional profiles remain significantly different to that of the donors (475)=2.0, P=0.001, Permutations=999). Similar to the taxonomic profiles, FMT increases homogeneity (reduced dispersion) in the functional profiles across patient samples, but not to the level of individual donors or donor batches. Due to the significant patient variability that is observed in the data, a constraint on the factor ‘patient’ is applied, which shows a clearer delineation between FMT and placebo.

Specific pathways associated with primary outcome are then identified using GLMs. Pathways such as benzoate degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ppGpp biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate (short chain fatty acid biosynthesis), biosynthesis of ansamycins, and starch degradation are all associated with positive primary outcome. Taxa contributing to beneficial pathways included Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, Dorea and Coprococcus, consistent with the taxonomic analysis associating these species with positive therapeutic outcome. Furthermore, the relationship between short chain fatty acid biosynthesis and positive primary outcome is confirmed in the predicted metagenome (PICRUSt) of the mucosal microbiome. In contrast, heme biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinine biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways are all associated with negative primary outcome. The relationships between a range of these pathways and primary outcome are confirmed using LEfSe.

Similar to the taxonomic analysis, the analyses are replicated against the three other therapeutic outcomes of complete endoscopic remission, endoscopic response, and clinical remission. The results from these endpoints show consistent associations as those observed for the primary study outcome.

Example 4 Donor Taxonomic and Functional Profiles Associated with Therapeutic Outcome

Despite FMT therapy over 8 weeks, patient taxonomic and functional profiles remain different to those of individual donors and donor batches. Thus, specific factors associated with donor suitability are evaluated by analysis of the donor fecal samples (16S rRNA gene and transcript, as well as shotgun metagenomic datasets) relative to the four different therapeutic outcomes.

Donor batches are categorised based on the total number of samples and number of patients that achieved a positive primary outcome, with donor batches leading to >50% remission classified as effective and the rest as ineffective. α-diversity and β-diversity within effective and ineffective batches are compared in all datasets, with no clear patterns emerging between the two groups. While some differences in global β-diversity are observed (F_(1,18)=1.7, P=0.071), this is likely due to the high inter-donor variability.

Specific taxonomic differences between effective and ineffective batches are then analysed using GLMs. Bacteroides OTU187 is in higher abundance in effective batches, and consistently Bacteroides fragilis, as well as Bacteroides finegoldii, are identified as taxonomic markers in these batches. In contrast, Bacteroides uniformis and Bacteroides coprocola are associated with ineffective batches. Other donor microbial taxa associated with ineffective batches included Clostridium cluster XIVa (OTU173), a taxon that is associated with negative primary outcomes, and Streptococcus (OTU56), which is found in both the 16S rRNA gene and transcript datasets.

No clear differences in global pathway compositions are found between effective and ineffective batches. However, a range of pathways are identified to be in higher abundance in either effective or ineffective batches. Specifically, pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis and propanoate metabolism are higher in effective batches while terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and bacterial chemotaxis are higher in ineffective batches.

Similar analyses are conducted for the three other therapeutic endpoints. The strict endpoint of endoscopic remission and the less strict endpoint of endoscopic response showed similar outcomes to the primary study endpoint. One notable difference is the clustering of effective batches at the higher end of α-diversity when shotgun taxonomic data is classified by endoscopic response. This higher level of α-diversity is also identified for effective batches classified by the clinical remission endpoint. In fact, classification of donor batch effectiveness based on the clinical remission endpoint showed the strongest signs of consistency with the results of the patient analysis. Sutterella wadsworthensis, previously associated with lack of remission in patients, is associated with ineffective batches in clinical remission. Further, pathways such as secondary bile acid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism and biosynthesis of ansamycins are all associated with positive patient outcomes and are associated with effective batches. Moreover, heme biosynthesis is a strong marker for negative primary outcome in patients and is higher in ineffective batches. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of manufacturing a fecal microbe preparation comprising a bacterial strain for incorporation into a pharmaceutical composition, the method comprising: a) selecting a source material from a human donor based on a higher relative abundance of a metabolite in the source material, wherein the metabolite is selected from the group consisting of a secondary bile acid, a short chain fatty acid (SCFA), and a combination thereof, wherein the human donor is a member of a plurality of donors, and the higher relative abundance is relative to the average relative abundance of the metabolite in source material of the plurality of donors; and b) harvesting the bacterial strain from the selected source material to produce the fecal microbe preparation.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated so as to be suitable for treating ulcerative colitis (UC).
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the metabolite is the secondary bile acid.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of samples of source material from the human donor are selected.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the harvesting comprises culturing the bacterial strain.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cultured bacterial strain is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Eubacterium, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium and Roseburia.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the genus is Eubacterium and the bacterial species is Eubacterium rectale.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the genus is Faecalibacterium and the bacterial species is Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.
 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the method further comprises supplementing the fecal microbe preparation with viable cultured bacteria.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the viable cultured bacteria comprise lyophilized bacteria.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a capsule, and the method further comprises incorporating the fecal microbe preparation into the capsule.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the metabolite is a SCFA.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the SCFA is butyrate.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the metabolite comprises both the SCFA and the secondary bile acid.
 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising lyophilizing the fecal microbe preparation in the presence of a cryoprotectant.
 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising spray-drying the fecal microbe preparation.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the cryoprotectant is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, skim milk, erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, glucose, fructose, alanine, glycine, proline, sucrose, lactose, ribose, trehalose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, or a combination thereof.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the cryoprotectant is trehalose.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the fecal microbe preparation comprises a community of microbes harvested from the source material.
 20. The method of claim 3, wherein the secondary bile acid is selected from the group consisting of lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and a combination thereof. 